试论黄河流域新石器时代的建筑奠基习俗

On the Construction Foundation Custom in Yellow River Basing of the Neolithic Period

从仰韶时代中晚期开始,出于土地崇拜的观念,为建筑建造举行奠基祭祀成为黄河流域一种较为普遍的习俗。龙山文化时期,建筑奠基习俗的分布区域不断扩展,但黄河中游的郑洛平原一直是分布中心。仰韶晚期以降,随着史前城址的涌现,黄河流域出现了位于城墙夯土中的奠基遗存,这标志着奠基习俗发展到了一个新的阶段。结合考古发现和民族志材料,可以看出,部分位于城墙夯土中、房屋墙体下或居住面下等特殊位置的瓮棺,当不是一般的墓葬,而很可能是奠基仪式或祭祀的产物,其目的无非是借牺牲来慰解鬼神,以求建筑的稳固。

Out of primitive land workship, the ritual activities concerned with building construction have wildly prevailed in the Yellow River Basin since middle-late Yangshao culture period. This paper focuses on the remains of indoor burial in the Yellow River Basin. And then combing them with ethnographic data, the author argues that some urn coffins which were located under the building foundation were prepared for the ritual activities. Its purpose is to take sacrifice to comfort ghosts and gods and ensure the stability of the buildings.