当代印度妇女财产权法规考察--从殖民时期到后殖民时期的历时演进

An Examination of Laws and Regulations on Women's Property Rights in Contemporary India: The Diachronic Evolution from the Colonial Period to the Post Colonial Period

印度妇女为争取财产权与保守势力进行了旷日持久艰苦卓绝的斗争,但收效甚微。由于宗教的多样性,印度到目前为止也没有一部统一的具有强制性的民法。每个宗教社区都有基于各自习俗与惯例的权属人法,而各个部落的物权法则受制于更为古老的习俗。更为复杂的是,印度采取联邦体制,中央与地方政府在物权问题上的规定并不一致,邦政府可以按照自己的权属人法执行裁决。除少数例外情况,印度的各级法院一般拒绝以联邦宪法的标准来衡量各个不同社区的权属人法,更不愿意推翻明显的违宪行为,以避免宗教、民族以及地域冲突,引发不必要的困扰。这些都决定了印度妇女要取得平等的财产权并不是一件容易的事情。

Indian women struggled continuously against the conservative power for their property rights but achieve little. Because of the existence of diverse religions, India has no compulsory civil law till now. Every religious community has its own customary and habitual civil law, and each tribe is governed by its own customs. What＇s more complicated, India is built on a confederacy system and both central and local governments follow different rules on property ownership, and each state can make judgment based on its own customary law. Except few cases, various levels of governments refuse to measure the customary laws of different communities by the standards of federal constitution, or subvert the decisions of local courts to observe constitution, as ways to avoid religious, national or regional conflicts. All these discordances show that it is not easy for women to achieve equality in property rights.