《诗》的编次与《毛诗》的形成

The Compilation of The Book of Poems and the Formation of Mao's Poems

据《毛诗序·六月序》、《仪礼·乡饮酒礼》、《汉书·谷永传》、郑玄《毛诗谱》等文献的记载,可发现周礼演乐的诗次、《诗序》诗次、《毛传》诗次和三家诗次略有不同。以《左传》所载季札论《诗》材料、《尔雅·释训》与《毛传》关系、《毛传》上源等问题为基础,亦可判断《毛传》内部埋藏了孔子时代之前的《诗》文本特征。据此可推知,孔子重构了三百篇的序列和结构,使之更符合周代礼乐制度。子夏时代,受《春秋》学之陶冶,子夏或其后学又对调了《大雅》和《小雅》的部分诗篇,使二《雅》皆有美刺。这两次重编,在《诗》文本的写定过程中大概是最具革命意义的,时在战国初年以前。第二次重编之时,仿效《春秋》精神的《诗小序》基本形成,然《小雅》篇目依然遵循了周礼之诗次,毛公作《毛诗故训传》才调整为今本诗次。

According to the historical texts of ＂Maoshi xu - June＂, ＂Yili - Township drinking ceremony＂, ＂Hanshu- Guyong zhuan＂, Zheng Xuan＇s ＂Maoshi pu＂ and other documents, it is noted that the sequence of poems is slightly different in Zhou Li, Shixu, Maochuan and the three schools. It is also found the textual features of the Poems before the era of Confucius was embedded in Maochuan, based on the researches of certain issues such as the critical remarks of Ji Za that was recorded in Zuozhuan, the relation between ＂ Erya-shixun＂ and Maochuan, and the source of Maochuan. It can be inferred that Confucius had reconstructed the sequence and structure of the three-hundred poems to adapt them into the Zhou Dynasty ritual system. During the time of Confucius＇s student Zixia, parts of ＂Daya＂ and ＂Xiaoya＂ were exchanged that both of the two would have songs of praise and satire. These twice re-editings might have been the most revolutionary in the shaping of the Poems text, which was dated back to the beginning of the Warring States Period. In the second re-editing, ＂Shi xiao xu＂ that inherited the spirit of Chunqiu took its shape, but the chapter of ＂Xiaoya＂ still followed the sequence of Zhouli - it was not adjusted to today＇s sequence until Maogong annotated Maoshi guxun chuan.