论秦国铁器普及化与关中地区战国时期铁器流通模式

The Spread of Ironware in the Qin State and the Distributional System of Ironware in the Central Shaanxi Plain during the Warring States Period

为讨论秦国铁工业发展的脉络,本文收集了关中东周到秦统一时期出土的铁器资料,考察铁器种类的年代变化、与相关随葬品的共存关系以及使用背景。本文指出秦国铁器的普及化过程在多方面表现出不平衡性。首先,在铁器种类上,墓葬出土的铁器以铁带钩为主,其次为铁削。战国中期以后随葬比例急剧增加,很可能是为适应需求出现的铜器的替代品,但不同种类铁器普及化速度不同。其次,同一墓地中,不同葬式之墓随葬铁带钩和削刀的比例有一定差别,可能与墓主的族群有一定联系。最后,铁器的普及程度也显示出地域性特点。在战国中晚期,距离都城越近的墓地,随葬铁器和其他金属制品的比例越高,可能说明中心与地方在手工业生产与产品流通的差异。

In order to make a study on the development of iron industry in the Qin State, the paper collects plenty of materials about the unearthed ironware of the period from the Eastern Zhou to the establishment of the Qin Dynasty. Meanwhile, the paper investigates the chronological changes of ironware types, the relation between ironware and other funeral objects as well as the background of its usage. Then the paper points out the imbalance of the ironware in the Qin state in spreading in certain aspects. First, on the aspect of the types, the majority of unearthed ironware are iron belt-hooks, followed by iron scrapers. It＇s possible that the proportion of ironware increased rapidly in the funeral objects for it gradually replaced the bronze after the mid-Warring States period, but its spreading differs because of the different types. Second, even in the same cemetery, the proportions of iron belt-hooks and scrapers vary with different burial forms, which might be related to different clans of the tomb occupants. Third, the spread extent of ironware also shows regional variations. In the middle and late Warring States period, there is always a higher proportion of the funerary ironware and other metalwork in a cemetery closer to the capital, which also indicates the distinctions of production and distribution of handicraft in central and local areas.