传记形成与“处士”形象建构——从《后汉书·周黄徐姜申屠列传》谈起

Biography and Chushi Image Construction: An Analysis of Fan Ye’s Historical Writing in The Book of Late Han History

范晔《后汉书·周黄徐姜申屠列传》经常被学者看作研究东汉“处士”的基本史料。但是此传中又保留有所谓“节士”事迹,与“处士”并不完全相同。两汉之际的“节士”,指不与王莽政权合作的士人,而“处士”则指关心政治,却回避出仕的士人。从传记形成的角度看,范晔整理先前诸家《后汉书》的相关史料,有意建构起东汉“处士”远离政治的形象,并用合传的形式将东汉“节士”向“处士”演变的过程表现出来。范晔凭此说明东汉政权如何失去自己的支持者,并表达对东汉末政治的批评。此传也成为东汉王朝从兴盛转向中衰的一个侧影。

In The Book of Late Han History by Fan Ye( 范晔), there is a biographical section for several men of moral integrity, including Zhou, Huang, Xu, Jiang, and Shentu. Commonly considered as the basic materials for the study of Chushi( 处士), this section however, contains stories about Jieshi( 节士) who were as a matter of fact different from Chushi. Jieshi werepeople who refused to cooperate with Wang Mang( 王莽) regime, while Chushi were those with critical political opinions and retreated from governmental posts to clarify themselves. By careful reading of this biography, we can see how Fan Ye intentionally constructed the image of Chushi as a reflection of the decline of the Late Han Dynasty and to present his criticism on the Late Han politics.