从族契看朝鲜时代的宗族组织化——以中韩族谱与宗族制度比较为视角

Clan Contracts and Clan Organization in Chos?n: A Comparative Study of Chinese Genealogies and Korean Clan System

朝鲜时代与明清两朝都是在16世纪即明朝嘉靖、朝鲜明宗年间大规模普及乡约的,随后明朝出现族规,朝鲜产生族契。乡约的普及与族契的产生,造成宗族乡约化。族会思想与实践即族会普及化,也促使族契的出现与宗族凝聚力的加强。族契与族规有很多共同点,族契实为族规。朝鲜祠祭似乎不发达,祭祖主要是在祖墓,因此墓祭兴盛,族契多是通过墓祭祖先进行族会。朝鲜族契也有大量关于婚丧方面的要求,一般属于互助,不同于明朝族规强调礼仪。明朝的族长设立普遍,有关制度较为完善,朝鲜则以设立门长为主,职责要求较为疏略。特别是是明清族规一般收录在族谱当中,并在宗祠中使用,涉及范围较广,教化作用较强,作为宗族规范较为严密。而朝鲜族契一般独立存在,主要为了进行族会,即宗族聚会,内容多是规范族人春秋墓祭与婚丧互助,比较实用。造成这种区别的原因,或许是朝鲜时代族契在形式上更接近乡约,而明清族规则从更广阔的宗族建设与社会秩序立意。

Community compacts were commonly developed in both Korea and China during the sixteenth century. In later progress, however, written clan regulations appeared in China, while on the other hand, clan contracts appeared in Korea. The popularity of community compacts and the appearance of clan contracts led the Korean clan system to change to a state of more community compaction feature and reinforced the clan organization. With certain commonalityto share, however, there were differences between the clan contracts and clan regulations. The clan contracts mainly regulated the activity of ancestral tomb sacrifices, as well as the mutual supports of clan members in marital and funeral occasions. On the other hand, the clan regulations of Ming China paid much more attention to ritual activities. In the Ming and Qing societies, clan regulations were commonly written in the genealogies stored in the ancestral halls involving a wide range of contents related to moral cultivation. In Korea, however, the clan contracts were generally independently held to guide the practical activities in clan gatherings. As a fact, the Korean clan contracts were more close to community compacts, while the Chinese clan regulations were more likely oriented to the goal of general social order construction.