论日本古代社会的村落首长——以石母田正的首长制学说为中心

On the Village Chief of Ancient Japan: A Contending Examination to the Chiefdom Theory of Yishimoda Tadashi

战后日本著名古代史学者石母田正提出的首长制学说认为,在古代日本,郡是政治统一的共同体,因而将郡司级首长看作是地方共同体的代表,律令制下的郡司是将地方首长的统治制度化的产物。石母田正不承认村落级共同体及其首长的主体性,但日本史料中关于“村首”的记载证实了村落首长的存在,同时村落起源传说佐证了村落并非郡司级首长开发的“计划村落”。村落首长与村落成员的纳贡关系表明村落首长主导下的社会生产关系才是原生性的生产关系,村落首长也并未被排除在国家政权组织之外。郡司级首长的统治也是以村落首长的统治为前提,这种统治具有国家公共权力萌芽的性格。

According to the Chiefdoms theory proposed by Yishimoda Tadashi, commandery was the dominant political unity in ancient Japan. Thus, the chief of commandery was the representative of rural community and a product of the institutionalization policy of rural society in the development of the Ritsuryo System. Nevertheless, although Yishimoda Tadashi rejected the subjectivity of village community and village Chiefs, there were preserved ancient records that definitely points to the existence of village chiefs. In addition, these records also authenticate that the villages were not covered by the "village projects" promoted by the chief of commandery. The tribute relationship between the village chiefs and the villagers indicates that the village chiefs played primordial role in rural production relationship, while the rule of the chief of commandery was actually based upon the existence of the village chiefs.