从供用句到功用句——“一锅饭吃十个人”的物性结构解读

A Qualia Structure Analysis of Mandarin Supply Sentences

本文依据生成词库论中的物性结构理论,对汉语中"一锅饭吃十个人"句式做出新的解读。过去,无论是以动词中心为背景的论元结构分析,还是强调句子整体意义的构式分析,对这类句式的研究都存在一定局限。本文认为,从主语名词的物性结构看,"一锅饭吃十个人"更适合被看成是一种功用句,因为句子中的谓语动词充当了主语名词的功用角色。而为了更准确地抓住"一锅饭吃十个人"的句法语义特点,本文进一步尝试在"功用角色"中划分出"占用性功用角色"的小类。本文认为,如果摆脱施事和受事的观念,改用物性结构的眼光看问题,那么在汉语中,跟"一锅饭吃十个人"更为接近的句式不是"十个人吃一锅饭",而是"一个老师教十个学生"和"一个厨师炒十盘菜"这样的句子。

Based on the Generative Lexicon Theory, this paper proposes a ＂qualia structure＂ analysis of Mandarin ＂subject-object reversible＂ supply sentences represented by ＂yi guo fan chi shi ge ren＂（一锅饭吃十个人）. Under close scrutiny, previous analyses, such as the argument structure analysis or the construction analysis, fail to cover some important facts of supply sentences. This paper argues that supply sentences are actually telic sentences in that the main verbs in such sentences usually play the telic role of the subject nouns. For a better understanding of the syntactic and semantic characteristics of relic sentences, the paper tries to set up the ＂occupation telic role＂ as a subcategory of the ＂telic role＂. By abandoning the concepts of agent and patient and paying attention to the qualia structure of the nouns, the paper finds that ＂yi guo fan chi shi ge ren＂ has more in common with ＂yi ge laoshi jiao shi ge xuesheng＂（一个老师教十个学生） than with ＂shi ge ren chi yi guo fan＂（十个人吃一锅饭）.