“总是”与“老是”比较研究补说

A Further Study on Frequency Adverbs Zongshi and Laoshi

频度副词"总是"和"老是"在句法与语篇分布方面既有相同的一面,又有不同的地方。本文试图从"主观性评价""时范畴"和"否定结构"三个方面入手,对二者在使用上的异同进行比较全面的考察和分析。从整体上来看,"老是"蕴涵"总是",一般凡是能用"老是"的,基本上也都可以用"总是"(极少数情况例外)。在"总是"和"老是"都可使用的情况下,"老是"具有突出强调负面评价的语用涵义,但"总是"则不是这样。另一方面,有些句子即使涉及负面评价,但因属于泛时表达等,通常必须用"总是",而不能用"老是"。具体的语言表达中,究竟是用"总是"还是用"老是",需要统筹兼顾。

Frequency adverbs zongshi（总是） and laoshi（老是） have similar as well as different syntactic and textual distributions. This paper attempts to make a comprehensive investigation into and analysis of the similarities and differences between the two in the following three aspects： subjective evaluation, time domain and negative structure. From an overall perspective, zongshi implies laoshi; that is, zongshi, with very few excep- tions, can be used to replace laoshi. In the cases where both zongshi and laoshi can be used, laoshi gives prominence to the negative evaluation of the pragmatic meaning, while zongshi does not. But in sentences of general time domain, it is often necessary to use zongshi, not laoshi, even if negative evaluation is involved in such sentences.