礼仪的文献记载与生活实践——以清代北京旗人葬礼为例

Local Chronicles and Life Practice:A Case Study of Funeral Rites of Bannermen in the Qing Dynasty

中国古代有大量关于礼俗的文献记载,但这些记载是否与日常生活中的生活实践一致,是长期以来学者思考的重要问题。以清代普通旗人日记《闲窗录梦》为主要资料,梳理清代北京旗人丧葬礼俗的实际仪式流程,并与《朱子家礼》和地方志记载进行对比,发现北京地区的丧葬礼俗至少在清代中期已经固定成型并稳定地长期传承。而清代北京地方志所记载的丧葬礼俗,主要是《朱子家礼》的传抄与改写,与日常生活中的实践情况有一定差距。这提醒我们应注意地方志作为民俗资料的局限性。

There are a lot of records about the rites and ceremonies in ancient China, but whether these records are consistent with the life practice in daily life is an important question for scholars to think for a long time. This paper takes a bannerman＇s diary of Idyllic Window for Dreaming as the material to sort out the actual process of funeral rites in Qing era. Compared to the records in the local chronicles and the book of Family Rites of Zhuzi, it found that the funeral rites of Beijing had been formed and inherited stably in the middle of the Qing Dynasty on the basis of the adaption from the Family Rites of Zhuzi. Therefore, they were quite different from the daily life practice. It reminds us of the limitations of taking local chroni- cles as folklore study materials.