汉代“特牛”之礼与马王堆帛画中的祭奠图像

The Teniu Rite and The Sacrificial Scene on The Silk Painting Unearthed from Mawangdui Tombs of The Han Dynasty

新出汉代《葬律》简中有使用"特牛"祭奠的独特记载,从《仪礼》之例及用牲法则上可以推断其应使用列鼎三件,并搭配俎、敦、豆、笾、壶诸器,而这正与马王堆汉墓帛画中所绘祭奠场景采纳的器用制度相符,并亦吻合于河北满城二号汉墓中室的特殊用鼎现象,是以成为推断这些礼制仪节所属性质的新依据。此外,在战国楚简中已大量可见使用"特牛"祭祷的先例,应是这种特殊用牲法则的渊源之地。

The newly discovered Han-dynasty bamboo slips on Burial Statute specially introduces Te Niu sacrifice which literally means the selected bulls are sacrificed for a memorial ceremony. By the ritual system and decrees of animal sacrifice, a set of three column tripods named Liè Dǐng in Chinese pinyin are arranged alongside with other food and wine vessels named Zǔ, Duì, Dòu, Biān and Hú on Te Niu sacrificial occasions in much the same way that a set of Ding tripods are displayed for sacrifice in the central chamber of Han-dynasty tomb 2 in Mancheng, Hebei province, and that the sacrificial scene is presented in the silk painting unearthed from the Han-dynasty Mawangdui Tombs as well. Meanwhile the cases above in turn work as new evidence to explain the rites and etiquettes. Moreover, the Chu bamboo slips of Warring States period once mention the cases of Te Niu sacrifice that probably germinate the ritual system and decrees of animal sacrifice that come later.