结构、义理与修辞——柏拉图《理想国》教育理解引论

Structure,Logos and Rhetoric:An Educational Interpretation of Plato's Republic

柏拉图的《理想国》作为个体人性探讨,社会伦理探究和政治秩序建构的经典著作,通过灵魂和城邦对比下正义本质的追寻来指引年青人在共同体中寻求自己最好的生活方式。在其中教育是一个关键的主题,它与哲学、政治紧密结合在一起,铺就达成个人和城邦正义和幸福的道路。《理想国》中柏拉图对这一过程描绘至少存在两个理解结构,一是上升结构,一是对称结构,从而以一种顶点和中心的形式展现这一道路的确定与神圣。在对教育的言辞建构中,柏拉图通过培养护卫者的普通教育到养成哲学王的辩证法教育,完成了以理性追寻美好而高尚的真理和本质的灵魂秩序与真正的哲人充当统治者的城邦秩序的合一。为了实现指引和劝勉的教育意图,柏拉图采用了哲学与诗歌结合的对话录文体,以一种戏剧的方式再现哲学行动和生活,从而引导对话录之外的灵魂,在苏格拉底的帮助下转向,以开启千年之后的自我教育。

As a Classic to discuss individual humanity, social ethics and political order, Plato＇s Re- public guides young people to seek their own best way of life in the community through the pursuit of essence of justice under the contrast framework of soul and the polis. Education, as a key theme, in- tegrates with philosophy and politics to achieve personal and city justice and paved the road to happiness. In Republic, Plato at least used two structures to interpret to show the certainty and divinity of the process within the form of vertex and center： one is an ascending structure, and the other is a symmetrical structure. In his construction of education logos, Plato planed a course from training of the guardians by common education to cultivation of the philosopher-king by dialectics education, and com- pleted the harmony of the soul＇s order and the polis＇s order. In order to realize the educational inten- tion for guidance and persuasion, Plato adopted a dialogue style which combined philosophy and poetry, to react philosophical action and life in a dramatic manner, so as to guide the souls which live outside of his dialogue and start their Conversion and open the road of self-education after thousands of years with Socrates＇ s help.