张载性命论的新架构及学术价值

Research on the Theory of Zhang Zai's Xing Ming

张载是宋代理学家中讲论性命的重要代表人物。他在继承孟子"性善"论和"立命"论的同时,致力于自立新说,建构了自成系统的性命论。张载认为,性有本有末,本即"天地之性",末即"气质之性",不能本末倒置。他最早划分"德命"与"气命",强调以"德命"驾驭"气命"。张载还认为,"天地之性"对应于"德命",而"气质之性"则对应于"气命"。他进而认为,"成性"与"至命"的目标也是对应的,"成性"必以"天地之性"而不以"气质之性"为根据,"至命"必以"德命"而不以"气命"为目标。在此方向引导下,"成性"工夫与"至命"工夫各有其特色。张载性命论的价值在于,强调以"道德性命"驾驭人生方向,以先"穷理"后"尽性"的工夫实践提升自我,让生命不断成长。

Zhang Zai is a important character, who talks about Xing and Ming among the scholars of Neo- Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. He tries to set up new theories on the basis of inheriting the thought of ＂Xing Shah＂ and ＂Li Ming＂ of Mencius, building up the theory of Xing Ming, which is independent. Zhang Zai thinks that Xing has its root and branch, that is, the root is ＂Tian Di Zhi Xing＂, the branch is ＂Qi Zhi Zhi Xing＂, and we can＇ t turn them upside down. In his earlier days, he divides the Ming into ＂De Ming＂ and ＂Qi Ming＂, emphasizing that the former dominates the latter. He also thinks that ＂Tian Di Zhi Xing＂ corresponds to ＂De Ming＂, while ＂Qi Zhi Zhi Xing＂ corresponds to ＂Qi Ming＂. Further, he thinks that the goul of ＂Cheng Xing＂ corresponds to ＂Zhi Ming＇s＂, and ＂Cheng Xing＂ bases on the thought of ＂Tian Di Zhi Xing＂ instead of ＂Qi Zhi Zhi Xing＂, thus, ＂Zhi Ming＂ takes ＂De Ming＂ as the goal instead of ＂Qi Ming＂. Therefore, the ef- forts in ＂Cheng Xing＂ and ＂Zhi Ming＂ have their own individual characteristics. The value of the theory of Zhang Zai＇ s Xing Ming is that it emphasizes ＂the Morality and Xing Ming＂, which can control our life direc- tion, improving ourselves in the efforts of laying ＂Qiong Li＂ first instead of ＂Jin Xing＂, letting our life ad- vance.