扩大的共同体:乡镇农民的道德教化及共同体想象——兼论滕尼斯乡村共同体理论及其教育遗产

Enlarged Community:Moral Education of Farmers in Town and Community Imagination——A Discussion of Tonnies Rural Community Theory and Educational Heritage

滕尼斯的乡村共同体想象,既是一种道德理论,又是一种教育策略。乡镇社会的道德衰退,其本质是大共同体的现代性后果,而不是乡村世界的自然产物,更不是农民德性的天然禀赋。重建共同体经验,恢复乡镇农民本应具有或可能具有的道德本性,是乡镇社会作为"扩大的共同体"应对城市化道德遭遇的教育选择。乡镇共同体的文化设计、生活安排和道德传播,既是建构"城市乡村"的社会方案,又是乡镇农民教育的道德规划;既是一种城市化的社区模拟,也是滕尼斯共同体想象的现代途径。教育的任务是,让乡镇社会成为一所农民教育的"大学校",实现乡镇社会的精神改造,让碎片化的乡村和元子化的农民得到精神上的重生,重塑东方农民的共享性美德——公共精神。如果没有乡镇伦理及其教化策略的设计,任何单纯经济学的改革都将面临失败的结局。将乡镇教化奠基于乡村伦理之上,不能视为道德上的保守主义。乡村伦理作为乡镇农民教育的一种道德标准,它既是建构乡镇共同体的目的,又是实现这个目的的原因。

Tonnies＇ rural community imagination is not only a moral theory, but also an education strate- gy. The nature of moral decline of town society is the result of big community, but not a natural product of the rural world, not even the natural disposition of farmer＇ s virtues. Rebuilding community experience and recove- ring the virtue quality of farmers in towns, is the education choice when town society faces modernity and urban- ization as an enlarged community. Cultural design, life arrangement and moral communication of town communi- ty is not only the social project of constructing ＂an urban countryside＂, but also a moral plan of farmers in town＇ s education. It is a community simulation, but also the modern way of Tonnies community imagination. The mission of education is to make town society become a ＂big school＂ of farmer＇ s education. To achieve the spiritual reconstruction of town society, giving fragmented rural areas and individual farmers the opportunity of spiritual rebirth, and rebuild oriental farmers＇ shared virtue--public spirit. If there is no town logic and its de- sign of enlightenment strategy, any pure economical reformation will face failure. Making town enlightenment founded on rural logic, cannot be regarded as conservatism of morality. Rural logic, as a moral standard of farm- ers in the town is the target of building a community, but also the reason of fulfilling this target.