从信息公开到信息保护:公法上信息权保护研究的风向流转与核心问题

From Information Disclosure to Information Protection:Trends and Core Issues of the Research on the Right to Personal Information Protection in the Field of the Public Law

公民完整的信息权不仅应包含个人不受阻隔地从政府获取公共信息的权利,同样应囊括公民可自我决定在多大范围内对外公开生活事实,尤其是向政府披露个人信息的权利。但我国既往在信息权保障领域的公法研究却主要聚焦于信息公开,而鲜少涉及信息保护。这也导致本应并行发展的信息公开与信息保护在我国呈现明显的"跛足"态势。监控国家的风险已提示我们强化个人信息公法保护的必要,而针对信息权保护的公法研究也应实现从信息公开到信息保护的风向流转。个人信息公法保护的核心问题在于其基础理论的建构,而在这一问题上,德国法中的"信息自决权"理论提供给我们有益启发。这一理论有效克服了美国法上"宪法隐私权"概念的偏狭和弊端,也因此更宜成为我们系统建构公法上个人信息保护的理论核心和思考基础。

The right to personal information protection should include not only the right to access to public information from the government unhindered,but also the right to self determine if or not to disclosure personal information,especially to the government. But the public law research of this field in China in the past was mainly focused on information disclosure,and rarely involved in information protection. This also led to the obvious imbalance between the development of information disclosure and information protection. The risk of the monitoring state has prompted us the necessity to strengthen the information protection in the public law,and the research on the right to information in this field should also transform from the information disclosure to information protection. The core issue of the personal information protection lies in the construction of its basic theory. And on this issue,the theory of＂information self-determination＂ in the German law provides us with useful inspiration. This theory effectively overcomes the drawbacks of the concept ＂constitutional right to privacy＂in the American Law and is more suitable to be the theoretical core and foundation of the protection system of the personal information in public law.