刑罚认知有限性及其对刑罚威慑实现的启示

Limitation of penalty perception and its enlightenment on penalty deterrent

刑罚认知是刑罚威慑实现的基本前提,当潜在犯罪人主观所认知的制裁概率、刑罚强度与客观制裁概率、刑罚强度保持一致时,刑罚才产生预期的威慑犯罪效果。犯罪决策面临环境的复杂性和不确定性,决定了潜在犯罪人可能利用简便的经验法则或认知策略去认知刑罚,这也决定了潜在犯罪人刑罚认知的有限性。在刑罚认知有限的情况下,刑罚威慑的实现要注意降低潜在犯罪人的刑罚信息成本,同时要将刑罚策略的制定和实施建立的刑罚认知有限性的基础之上。

Penalty perception is an essential prerequisite to the implementation of penalty deterrent.When sanction probability and punishment intensity perceived by potential criminals are consistent with actual imposition of sanction probability and punishment intensity,punishment will produce the desired deterrence effect.The complexity and uncertainty in crime decision determine that potential criminals might use the simple rules of thumb or cognitive strategies to perceive penalty,which leads to their limited perception of penalty.In this case,the realization of punishment deterrence should reduce the punishment information cost of the potential criminals and at the same time the formulation and implementation of punishment strategy should be based on the limitation of penalty perception.