18世纪末至19世纪中期俄国农奴制的主要剥削形式及其趋势

The Main Form of Exploitation and Trend of Russian Serfdom From the end of the 18th Century to the Middle of the 19th Century

俄国农奴制的主要剥削形式为代役制和劳役制,它们的分布与土壤、气候、经济、人口等因素相关。18世纪末至19世纪中期,出现了代役制萎缩和劳役制扩张的趋势,表明了农奴制的强化。代役制和劳役制在本质上都是地主凭借其强制权力向农民征收剩余产品和剩余劳动的方式,但劳役制农民的负担更重。在市场关系的影响下,代役制农民积极参与工商业,促进了工业区的形成。在劳役制地区,农业生产商品化和专门化程度提高,市场的扩大和粮价的上涨增加了农民的收入。但与此同时,代役制和劳役制农民的负担都不断加重,他们的受剥削程度也大大加深了。

The main forms of exploitation of Russian serfdom were service system and servitude,andtheirdistributionwererelatingtosoil,climate,economy,population.From the end of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century,service system shrunk and servitude expanded.This trend showed that serfdom has been reinforced.In essence both service system and servitude are the ways of levying farmers’surplus production and surplus labor by the landlords,with their enforcement powers.Under the influence of market relationship,the farmers,who were working by service system,actively participated in industry and commerce,promoted the formation of industrial zone;while the farmers,who were working by servitude,had more income due to higher commercialization and specialization of agricultural production,market expansion and the rise in grain prices.However,both kind of farmers’burden is getting heavier.