两汉诏令中的皇帝身份——从“奉宗庙”到“承大业”

The Emperor Identity in the Imperial Edicts during the Western and Eastern Han Dynasties

在西汉的诏令文本中,皇帝多以"奉宗庙"的身份呈现。从宣帝时期开始,诏令文本中出现了另一种皇帝身份——"承大业",它在东汉的诏令文本中完全取代"奉宗庙"而成为唯一较为固定的皇帝身份。两汉诏令文本中皇帝身份由"奉宗庙"到"承大业"的转变,与"汉家尧后"说和绍述古圣先王功业的理论建构有着直接关联。"承大业"身份不仅可以涵括血脉延续所赋予的合法性,同时也彰显了绍述古圣先王功业所带来的正统性。两汉皇帝身份的转变为皇帝制度注入了新的儒家政治文化内涵,同时也带来了新的权力规训。

In the imperial edicts of the Western Han dynasty, the emperor almost appears in the status of ＂the guardian of the ancestral temple＂. From the beginning of the Emperor Xuan, another emperor identity named ＂carrying on the great achievement ＂ appeared in the imperial edicts. Furthermore, it totally replaced ＂the guardian of the ancestral temple＂ to serve as the only relatively fixed emperor identity in the imperial edicts of the Eastern Han Dynasty. There is a direct correlation between the change of emperor identity which from ＂the guardian of the ancestral temple＂ to ＂carrying on the great achievement＂ and the political theory of ＂Han Dynasty is offspring of Yao＂ as well as the theoretical construction of the following the great achievement of sage king. The identity of ＂carrying on great achievement＂ not only covers the legitimacy conferred by the blood continuation, but also highlights the orthodoxy brought by following the great achievement of sage king. The change of the emperor identity injects new Confucian political culture factors into the emperor system followed the Qin Dynasty, meanwhile, it also brings the new restriction of the power.