中国共同犯罪立法模式的归属与选择——“双层递进式”共犯立法模式的提倡

The Attribution and Selection of Chinese Legislative Mode on Joint Offense:Advocating the “Two-Level Progressive” Joint Offense Legislative Mode

当今世界各国关于共同犯罪的立法可以归结为统一制正犯立法模式与区分制共犯立法模式两大类型。中国共同犯罪立法模式在解释论上应当归属于统一制正犯立法模式。相比较而言,区分制共犯立法模式具有更大的优越性,与中国现行共同犯罪理论与实践也具有更多的共通性,因而,从应然的角度看,中国应当采用区分制共犯立法模式。在传统区分制立法模式下,由于正犯承载着定罪与量刑的双重功能,出现了"正犯理论的实质化"倾向,这种倾向暗含着破坏刑事法治的风险,因而在立法论上应当采用"双层递进式"共犯立法模式。"双层递进式"共犯立法模式根据分工分类将共犯区分为组织犯、实行犯、教唆犯和帮助犯,根据作用分类将共犯区分为主犯和从犯;分工分类解决犯罪参与人的定罪问题,作用分类解决犯罪参与人的量刑问题,分工分类与作用分类的结合很好的解决了犯罪参与人刑事责任的有无及其程度问题。在"双层递进式"立法模式下,可以根据犯罪事实支配理论来区分主犯与从犯。

Currently, the Joint-crime Legislative Mode can be divided into two types： the united system legis- lative mode and the distinct system legislative mode. The former, on the explanation of criminal law, is the legislative mode in China. Compared with the united system legislative mode, the distinct system legislative mode has more ad- vantages, since it has many kinds of intercommunity with our contemporary theory and practice. As a consequence, the distinct system legislative mode should be adopted in China. In distinct system legislative mode, the function of the identification of the principal offender serves to convict and sentence the participants at the same time, thus mak- ing an inevitable trend to substantialize the theory of principal offenders. This tendency may be destroy criminal rule of law, however, the double-layer differentiating system can be a better choice in Chinese legislation. Under the sys- tem, there are two classification on standards：one is function classification method, the other is action-division clas- sificationmet hod. We can first divide the conspirators into organizing offender, perpetrator, instigator and accessory under the action-division classification method; then classified the conspirators as principal criminal and accessorial criminal based on the function classification method. The action-division classification method aims to solve the prob- lem of conviction between the participants, while the function classification method can realize that every participant shall get proper.