对“恶女谤比丘”类型故事的源与流的初步考察——以《警世通言·陈可常端阳仙化》为中心

A Tentative Research on the Origin and Circulation of Story Type “the Framed Monk and the Vicious Girl”:Focusing on Jingshi Tongyan·Chen Kechang's Nirvana on the 5th Day of the 5th Month of the Lunar Calendar

冯梦龙《警世通言》第七卷《陈可常端阳仙化》讲述一位僧人与郡王府歌女通奸因而获罪之事,只是私通为虚,歌女诬陷才是真,僧人得证清白后便圆寂了。同类型的故事散见于世界各地,例如天主教圣人传说集中的"圣玛丽娜的故事""伟大的玛卡略斯",芥川龙之介的短篇小说《奉教人之死》和日本佛教人物传说"白隐禅师与卖花姑娘"。这类故事可以被称作"恶女谤比丘"类型,其起源最早可追溯至《佛说兴起行经》第八卷的"恶女旃沙谤佛陀"故事,通过对以上几则故事的成文年代和相互关联的考察,可以将《陈可常端阳仙化》的写定年代推论至宋末元初,并勾勒出"恶女谤比丘"类型故事的流传路线图之片隅。

In Feng Menglong＇ s Jingshi Tongyan （Stories to Caution the World）, there is a story named Chen Kechang＇s Nirvana on the 5th Day of the 5th Month of the Lunar Calendar. It tells the story that Chen Kechang, a monk, was framed against by one singsong girl of lord＇ s mansion for making her pregnant. At last, she admitted that Kechang was not the father. After being proved innocent, Kechang passed away. Sto- ries of the same type have been reported in various areas of the world, for example, ＂St. Marina, Virgin＂ from Legenda aurea, ＂Macarius the Great＂ from Apopbthegmata Patrum, Death of the Christian by Akutagawa Ryfinosuke, and a Buddhism character legend ＂Monk Hakuin and the flower girl＂. This story type could be named ＂the framed monk and the vicious girl＂ ; its origin is one of Buddha＇ s Jataka, vol. 8 of Foshuoxingqix- ingjing. By researching the details and connections of the above stories, the time of writing Chen Kechang＇ s story can be set in between the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty. Thus, parts of the circulation map of the story type have been sketched.