政策人类学视野的霍桑实验

A Study on Hawthorne Experiment from the Prospective of Policy Anthropology

二十世纪初,管理学家梅奥及人类学沃纳受邀参与霍桑实验,将人类学研究方法成功运用其中,逐渐发现纷繁复杂的社会问题的根源,冲破古典管理理论"经济人假设"的束缚并提出"社会人假设",大力倡导关注人、解放人,并据此制定出科学的、以人为本的管理政策。霍桑实验是管理学与人类学、政策人类学等多学科交叉的研究范例,但从政策人类学视野来分析,则是精华与糟粕并存:实验初期内在问题导向性不足,研究带有功利性;田野调查中观察充分但参与意识薄弱;互为他者性严重缺失,与被研究者之间存在不平等的权力关系等。

In the early 20th century, the managerialist Mayo and anthropologist Warner were invited to participate in Hawthorne Experiment. They successfully applied the anthropological methods in the experiment. Gradually, they found the root of the complicated social problems, and broke through the restraint of the ＂Economic Man Hypothesis＂ of Classical Management Theory and put forward the ＂Social Man Hypothesis＂. Mayo put forward the scientific and people oriented managing policy. Hawthorne Experiment was the interdisciplinary example which in- cluded the theories of management science, anthropology and policy anthropology. However, analyzed from the perspective of policy anthropology, it has both essence and dross. At the start of the experiment, the study on inner-oriented problem was insufficient and the research was utilitarian. Observation was enough but the sense of participation was weak. Besides, otherness for both interviewer and interviewee was badly deficient and there was unequal right relation between the observers and the observed.