神御在蜀:宋代四川的御容奉祀与地方政治

The Holy Portrait in The Shu: the Sacrifice for the Emperor's Portrait and the Local Politics in Sichuan of the Sung Dynasty

宋太宗时,成都新繁县寺僧绘成太祖御容,但绘成之后长期无人问津。然而神宗时期,这一不符合惯例的御容成为地方社会的珍稀资源,获得四川地方以及朝廷的关注,其崇奉活动在多方努力之下,终于使太祖御容拥有了修建殿宇、朝谒以时的准神御殿待遇,标志着蜀中御容殿的兴起。南宋初年,随着北方沦陷,御容流散,自太宗以下五朝御容由陕入蜀,与太祖御容同殿供奉,形成六朝御容在蜀的盛况。南宋末年,御容殿也因四川局势的败坏,不得不以迁离出蜀结局。无论是北宋还是南宋,围绕御容殿的礼制与待遇,引出不少矛盾,其背后都折射出四川地方政治的种种特点及其与朝廷的微妙关系。

A monk resided at a Buddhist temple in Xinfan county of Chengdu Fu had drawn a painting of portrait of Taizu. Nobody had been interested in this painting after its completion for a long time. However, the Emperor’s Portrait that didn’t accord with the established practice became a scarce resource during the reign of Emperor Shengzong. The Emperor’s Portrait of Taizu in Chengdu gained extensive attention from Sichuan local government and the imperial court. The worship activity for the Emperor’ Portrait became more and more prosperous in the common effort of all elements, which ultimately made the imperial court build a Holy Palace for the Emperor’s Portrait to be worshipped on schedule. The imperial court gave the Emperor Taizu’s Portrait in Chengdu a treatment of quasi-Holy Portrait’s Palace,which marked the rise of The Palace of Emperor’s Portrait of Sichuan. During the early southern Song dynasty,the Emperor’s Portrait in the imperial palace had been dispersed with the northern territories of Song Empire’s occupation by the Jurchen Jin Dynasty. The portraits of five emperors of Song Dynasty since Taizhong had been moved from Shanxi to Sichuan. After that, all portraits were placed at the Holy Palace with the Emperor’s Portrait of Taizu, which resulted in the pomp of the six Emperor’s Portraits in Sichuan. At the last years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Holy Palace of the six Emperor’s Portraits had no choice but to be removed out of the Shu, because of the collapse of the Sichuan government. However,the issue around the ritual and treatment of the Holy Palace of the Emperor’s Portraits had prompted various kinds of struggles in Song Dynasties, behind which reflected a variety of features of local politics of Sichuan and the subtle relationship with the imperial court.