指称、意向性和纯意向对象（英文）

Reference,Intentionality,and Purely Intentional Objects

要使信念和其他命题态度语境的量化有意义,存在两个大的困难。一个是所指称的对象可能不存在;另一个是共指称词项的替换性原则可能会在这样的语境下被破坏。我将在本文中论证,第一个问题可以通过如下方式解决:将信念对象看成是一类实体,这种实体不管它是否存在,都可以被指称。我将概述一种存在物的理论来使其可行。此外,我将论证,指示性指称本身不是直接指称;而且,当所涉及的共指称的两个词项都以直接指称的方式使用时,不存在替换性问题。

There are two big obstacles to making sense of quantification into belief and other propositional attitude contexts： one that the object referred to may not exist, the other that the principle of substitutivity of co-referential terms breaks down in such contexts. I shall argue in this paper that the first problem can be solved by recognizing objects of belief as entities that can be referred to regardless of whether they exist, and I shall sketch a theory of existentials that makes this plausible. In addition I shall argue that demonstrative reference is not in itself direct reference, and I shall argue that there is no problem of substitutivity when the co-referential terms in question are both used directly referentially.