中国内战与苏联对华政策的转轨(1945-1949)

The Chinese Civil War and the Reorientations of the Soviet Union’s Policy toward China

本文通过揭示1945-1949年苏联对华政策转轨的历史拐点,探讨苏联从同国民政府结盟转向同中共领导的新中国结盟的根本动因。二战末期及战后初期,为了确保苏联在远东地区的战略利益,斯大林同国民政府签署了同盟条约。其后,随着国际与中国国内局势迅速出现重大转变,斯大林开始将中共视为其实现对华政策目标的工具。尤其是在1946年5月,苏军自中国东北撤退后,斯大林开始在这一地区向中共提供有限的非公开的援助,对中国内战局势的形成和发展产生了重要影响。到1949年初,由于中共革命胜利前景的日益明朗,以及毛泽东向苏联“一边倒”的强烈意愿,斯大林开始放手支持中共夺取全国政权。至此,苏联对华政策发生了根本转轨。基于对上述三个阶段的分析,本文认为,苏联与中共结成同盟的根本动因是现实利益而非意识形态,中国内战及其结果导致了亚洲冷战格局的形成而不是相反。

The article explores the primary cause for the USSR to change its international alignment from the National Government to the CCP, shedding light especially on a turning point in the historical transformation of Moscow’s China policy from 1945 to 1949. In order to ensure the USSR’s strategic interests in the Far East, Stalin signed the treaty of alliance with the National Government in 1945. Then, as international and Chinese domestic conditions shifted significantly, Stalin began to see the CCP as an instrument to achieve the objectives of his policy in China. Especially, after Soviet troops withdrew from the Northeast of China in mid-1946, Stalin began to provide minor and covered assistance to the CCP in the region, which impacted the Chinese Civil War immensely. In early 1949, victorious prospect of the CCP revolution became increasingly clear, and Mao Zedong showed a strong desire to "leaning to the side"of the USSR. These developments led Stalin to provide full support to the CCP’s effort to seize national power. Thus, the USSR’s China policy made a fundamental turn. By examining the developments in these three phases,the article holds that practical interests, not ideology, constituted the primary cause for the USSR to ally with the CCP, and that the Chinese Civil War and its consequences shaped the Cold War in Asia.