西北半干旱山区基于果园的循环型复合生态农业系统化设计与实践

SYSTEM DESIGN AND PRACTICE FOR ORCHARD COMPLEX ECO-AGRICULTURE IN NORTHWEST SEMI-ARID MOUNTAIN OF CHINA

我国的生态农业自20世纪80年代开始,已有了近30年的发展史,虽然取得了重大的成果,但从生态农业的实际效果来看,仍然处于发展阶段,需要持续研究与推动。我国西北半干旱区是温带水果的重要生产基地,果树占地面积大、占农业产业的比重大,基于果业的生态农业建设成效直接影响着农业的综合效益,从果业现状来看,生态农业多为"点"状工作,仍缺乏"面"状地域性的规范化、系统化设计,也存在配套技术方案的缺失现象。为了改变果业生态农业的现状,形成系统化的解决方案,以甘肃天水地区果业为研究对象,综合运用系统分析法、比较研究法、实证法等研究方法,优化形成了适宜于西北半干旱区生态果业发展的区域化指导模式——基于果树生产的六大系统循环型复合生态农业模式,以村(社区)为主要规划范围,通过产业链将基础工程系统、水资源系统、果园生产系统、养殖系统、加工系统、服务业系统有机结合,实现农村环境与城镇环境的物能双向流动;通过各系统的技术与规范控制,使产品安全、优质,达到生态、经济、社会效益的统一。在此基础上,试点形成了几种适合于农户、合作社、社区组织运行的典型经营模式,取得了良好的效益,可为同类地区果树产业领域生态农业进一步发展提供指导。

Eco- agriculture in Chinahas a development history with nearly thirty years since the 1980＇ s,but the eco- agricultureconstruction is still at the initial stage due to the low benefits. The northwest area of Chinais an importantproduction base oftemperatefruittrees with large area and proportion ofagriculturalindustry,and thus the achievements of the orchard eco- agriculture construction directly affect thecomprehensive benefits of eco- agriculture. From the present situation oforchard production,there is a lack of the regional planning and guidance in orchard eco- agriculture normality,system construction,and supporting technical scheme. In order to change the status of ecological agriculture and form systematic solution,taking fruit industry in Tianshui region as the research object andusing the integrated methods of system analysis,comparative research and empirical research,this paper optimizedthe regional eco- agricultural guidance mode based on fruit industry for semi- arid region of Northwest China,i. e.,six system recycling complex eco- agriculture model based on the orchard. At village scale,it combined the industry chain,basic engineering system,water system,orchard production system,breeding system,machining system,and service system to realize the material and energy bi- directional flowbetween rural and urban environment. The technology control of each system can ensure the product safety,high quality to achieve the unity of the ecological,economic and social benefits. Finally,it establishedseveral typical operating modes suitable for farmers,cooperatives,and community organization,which can serve for the eco- agriculture development in the fruit industry field and similar natural environment area.