《战争与和平》中的非理性现象及其对现实主义美学原则的“逾越”

The Study of Irrational Phenomenon in War and Peace

列夫·托尔斯泰历来被看作是俄国批判现实主义文学的代表性作家。他的《战争与和平》是批判现实主义代表作品之一,但是仔细阅读便会发现,该作存在着对非理性现象的大量描写,具体表现在三个方面:一是关注人物变化莫测的心理现象和对人物本能欲望等的揭示;二是表现在对战争的描写上,战争的发生、发展,甚至胜负都存在着偶然性;三是表现在对历史的态度上,历史的发展存在着神秘性和不可知性。作者的这一对现实主义美学原则的"逾越"之举,非但没有破坏作品的艺术性,反倒使得《战争与和平》焕发出独特的艺术魅力。因此,从非理性视角出发对作品加以研究,将会得出些许有益的启示。

Leo Tolstoy has traditionally been seen as a representative writer of Russian critical realistic literature. His War and Peace is one of the representative works in this literary life. However, in this voluminous masterpiece there are amounts of description of irrational phenomena, which are displayed in the following three aspects. Firstly, on the characterization, there is de-heroization in the characters. Secondly, in the description of the war, there is contingency in the result. And thirdly, on the attitude to history, there is mystique in the development of it. Obviously, when writing, the author does not completely confine himself by rationalism principles that are valued by realists; however, he emphasizes the effects of irrational elements in daily life, war, and the develo- ping history. Not only such a ＂transgression＂ does harm to the artistry of the work, it makes War and Peace show its unique artistic charm. The work is not limited within the scope of beauty and sublime, but adding new aesthetic elements such as ＂ugliness＂ and ＂absurdity＂. Therefore, it gives us some beneficial inspirations from an irrational perspective to study this literary works.