明清鼎革后东亚文化共同体内各国的中国观——以安南使人对“薙发易服”的态度为视角

The Views of the East Asian Cultural Community on China after the Dynastic Transition from Ming to Qing:The Attitudes of Annamese Emissaries on “Hair-Cutting” and “Costume-Changing”

清乾隆末期,安南正值后黎与西山政权更替之时,两朝使人面对清廷"薙发易服"令做出了看似截然不同的回应,其实背后蕴藏着深刻的民族文化心理及政治邦交考虑,反映出这一时期安南对清朝的心态和中国观。随着时间的推移,安南的态度逐渐发生变化。不仅安南如此,明清鼎革以后,东亚文化共同体(1)内各国的中国观颇为复杂,朝鲜、日本等国均有自身的审识度量。三国对清代中国虽都持排斥态度,但基于自身特点又各有不同表现。这显示出周边国家在与中国渐行渐远的过程中颇具特殊情态,而其背后的复杂因素不但构成当时特有的东亚国际关系格局,也为后来这些国家走上各自的发展道路做了铺垫。

The late Qianlong's reign paralleled the political transition from the later Lêto Tay So'n dynasty in Annam.The obvious difference in attitudes of Annamese emissaries from these two dynasties arose from a complex interaction among national,cultural,psychological,political and international considerations,reflecting Annam's attitudes to and views on the Qing dynasty.Meanwhile,other East Asian countries'views on China also reflected their own perspectives and deliberations.Although Korea,Japan and Annam all disliked the Qing,their actions were varied separately and differently.This phenomenon was driven by the specific circumstances of international relations in East Asia.It adumbrated the gradual alienation of other East Asian countries from China and the different paths of development which these countries followed in later times.