4个四倍体玫瑰香味鲜食葡萄品种与其亲本果实香气成分分析

Analysis of the aromatic compounds of four tetraploid muscat flavor grapes and their diploid parents

【目的】分析4个四倍体玫瑰香味鲜食葡萄品种的芳香化合物组分,为深入了解四倍体葡萄品种提供理论依据。【方法】以4个四倍体玫瑰香味鲜食葡萄品种(‘早黑宝’‘秋黑宝’‘晚黑宝’和‘四倍体玫瑰香’)及其二倍体亲本‘瑰宝’‘早玫瑰香’‘秋红’‘玫瑰香’成熟期果实为材料,利用顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术对果实的芳香化合物组分进行测定,采用面积归一法对香气成分进行定量。【结果】各品种果实芳香物质成分种类和相对含量差异较大。醛类物质相对含量最高,其中2-己烯醛占34.40%~49.81%,‘四倍体玫瑰香’与亲本‘玫瑰香’无显著差异,‘早黑宝’和‘晚黑宝’均低于亲本,而‘秋黑宝’介于父母本中间;己醛占16.28%~28.43%,‘四倍体玫瑰香’显著高于‘玫瑰香’,‘早黑宝’与‘瑰宝’无显著差异,但低于父本‘早玫瑰香’,‘秋黑宝’和‘晚黑宝’均高于‘瑰宝’,但低于父本‘秋红’或与‘秋红’无显著差异。除‘秋红’外,其余7个葡萄果实中均含有相对含量较高的萜烯醇(7.24%~28.60%),‘四倍体玫瑰香’最高,‘早玫瑰香’最低,‘四倍体玫瑰香’仅比‘玫瑰香’高出3.94%,‘早黑宝’分别比父母本高出20.22%、2.07%,而‘晚黑宝’和‘秋黑宝’分别比母本低13.21%、7.87%。【结论】里那醇和香叶醇对7个玫瑰香味葡萄品种果实香气贡献最大。二倍体玫瑰香味葡萄加倍后,主要呈香物质相对含量未因染色体加倍而加倍,而与亲本玫瑰香味浓郁程度有关。8个葡萄品种果实芳香物质中的主要成分是C6醛。

[Objective] In recent years, breeders and consumers pay more and more attention to tetraploid grapes because of their big berry size with less seeds and their high yields. The researchers at the Pomology Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science bred three tetraploid grape varieties from colchicine treated hybrid seeds, including ‘Zaoheibao＇ ‘Qiuheibao＇ and ‘ Wanheibao＇ with a rose fragrance. While representing one of the inherent properties of grapes, there has been no research on the analysis of the aro- ma composition between tetraploid and diploid grapes. In order to provide a theoretical basis for further un- derstanding of tetraploid grapes, the aromatic compounds of fruits during their ripening period, we ana- lyzed four tetraploid table grapes with muscat flavor including ‘Zaoheibao＇ ‘Qiuheibao＇ ‘Wanheibao＇ and ‘Tetraploid Muscat Hamburg＇ as well as their diploid parents including ‘Guibao＇ ‘Zaomeiguixiang＇ ‘Christmas Rose＇ and ‘Muscat Hamburg＇. [Methods]The berries were collected during August-September 2013 from eight grape vines grown in the breeding vineyards of the Pomology Institute, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Science in Taigu, China. The samples were frozen using liquid nitrogen and stored in anultra-low temperature freezer. Then the aromatic compounds of the samples were determined in the Col- lege of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University in Taian, China, using a solid phase micro-extraction （SPME） and gas chromatograghy-mass spectrometry （GC/MS）. According to the mass spectrometer ion scanning map, the aromatic compounds were quantitatively analyzed by using the area normalization method, taking the average score of 3 repeated tests as the basis for the relative con- tent of the aroma component. All collected data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 and Excel software for statis- tical analysis. [Results] There were significant differences in types and relative content of the aromatic components among the eight grape varieties. There were primarily seven types of aromatic components in grapes, including alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, ester, olefins, acid and others. There were one or two types of acid in ＇ Zaoheibao＇ and ＇ Zaomeiguixiang＇, respectively, while there was no acid in the other six grape va- rieties; in addition, there was no ester in the ＇Zaoheibao＇. The same aromatic components among the eight grapes were identified as twelve different types, including three types of alcohols, five types of aldehydes, two types of ketone and two types of olefin. The major aromatic compounds found in the eight grape variet- ies are aldehydes, with a relative content of 56.49%-81.63%, especially 2-hexene aldehyde and hexalde- hyde with a green leaf flavor and fruity scent, which were the two richest compounds. The 2-hexene alde- hyde was the first rich compound identified, with a relative content of 34.40%-49.81%, which was the richest in ‘Qiuheibao＇ and ‘Qiuhong＇ as tetraploid and diploid grapes, respectively. There were no significant differences in the relative content of 2-hexene aldehyde between ‘Tetraploid Muscat Hamburg＇ and ‘Muscat Hamburg＇; but the relative content in ‘Zaoheibao＇ and ‘Wanheibao＇ were lower than that in their diploid parents, while that in ‘Qiuheibao＇ was between its parents. Aldehyde was the second rich compound identified, with a relative content of 16.28%-28.43%, which was richest in ‘Wanheibao＇ and ‘Qiuhong＇ as tetraploid and diploid grapes, respectively. ‘Tetraploid Muscat Hamburg＇ had a significantly higher al- dehyde content than ‘Muscat Hamburg＇ and the content in ＇Zaoheibao＇ was lower than that in its father ‘Zaomeiguixiang＇; the ones in ‘Qiuheibao＇ and ‘Wanheibao＇ were significantly higher than that in its mother ‘Guibao＇, yet it was lower in ‘Qiuheibao＇ which was lower than that in its father ‘Qiuhong＇. Terpe- noid compounds and their content are closely related to the unique fragrance of roses in Eurasian grapes, especially in the free form of monoterpene. As shown in the results, except for ‘Qiuhong＇, the rest of the seven rose-fragrant grapes had a high relative content of terpene alcohols （7.24%-28.60%） and all con-tained linalool and nerol, which with an aroma of rose wood, green sweet orange fragrance flowers and roses, respectively. And except for ‘Guibao＇ among the seven rose fragrance grapes, the rest of the six grapes contained geraniol and citronellol, which has an aroma of light sweet rose, green grass and sweet rose, respectively. The relative content of linalool and geraniol was 4.14%-25.23% in the seven grapes, of which the order from high to low in the four tetraploid grapes was： ‘Zaoheibao＇‘Tetraploid Muscat Hamburg＇ ‘Wanheibao＇, and ‘Qiuheibao＇, while that in the diploid grapes was ‘Guibao＇ ‘Muscat Hamburg＇ and ‘Zaomeiguixiang＇. The relative content of terpene alcohol in ‘Tetraploid Muscat Hamburg＇ was only 3.94% higher than that in ‘Muscat Hamburg＇, while that in ＇Zaoheibao＇ was 2.07%, 20.21% higher than that in its parents ‘Guibao＇ and ＇Zaomeiguixiang＇, respectively. And it was 13.21% and 7.87% lower in ‘Wanheibao＇ and ‘Qiuheibao＇ than that in their parents ‘Guibao＇. [Conclusion] Linalool and geraniol with the fragrance of the rose wood and light sweet rose fragrance respectively played the most important role in fruit aroma of the seven grapes with a muscat flavor. According to the results, the relative content of the major fragrant substances was not doubled after doubling the chromosome of the diploid rose-fragrant grapes. The aroma rich degree of the tetraploid grape was related to the strength of the parental rose fra- grance. The main fruit aromatic substance found in the eight grapes was C6 aldehyde.