汉语句段的主从投射和嵌入投射

Hypotactic and Embedded Projections of Sentence Segments in Chinese

本文根据系统功能语法相关理念,对汉语句段主从投射和嵌入投射的句法语义特征进行尝试性探讨。文章指出,在以主从投射联结的汉语句段复合体中,投射与被投射两部分顺序相对固定,之间没有显性间断,投射动词一般不带重音,被投射部分表示为报道形式,没有联结词语,通常长度有限。嵌入投射主要是两种:一种是事实投射,被投射事实句段充当过程参与者成分;一种是被投射句段充当投射名词或事实名词的修饰语。事实投射可以出现在言语、心理、关系过程。内涵类关系过程出现事实投射时,属性成分和价值成分表示针对被投射事实及其特征的评判与识别。被投射事实句段通常很容易用相应的名词性成分替代。从语法隐喻角度看,一些情态附加语和形式固化的动词短语也可以要求事实投射。在汉语中,投射义修饰语多以"的"字结构的形式出现在名词前,有时也可直接附在名词后。文章也指出汉英两种语言在投射表达方式上的一些差异。

This paper presents a tentative discussion on grammatical characteristics of hypotactic and embedded projections of major sentence segments in Chinese based on the relevant notion in systemic functional grammar （ SFG）. A major sentence segment here refers to the segment which either consists of the Subject and the Predicate or includes the Predicate only, and it is grammatically compatible with the clause described in SFG. Projection is a kind of logico-semantic relation parallel to that of expansion in the systems of clause complexing in SFG. A projection nexus consists of projecting part and projected part. The projecting part is usually a verbal or mental process, and the projected part represents the content of locution and idea. The two parts of projection can be combined with parataxis or hypotaxis： it is a paratactic connection if the projected part is either a quote or a free-structured report; it is a hypotactic connection if the projected part is a report and is structurally dependent on the projecting part. Although sentence segments in Chinese are more likely to be connected with parataxis, it is not uncommon to find hypotactic projections in all kinds of contexts. According to the present study, the two parts of hypotactic projection in Chinese have a fixed order without breaking in between, and the projecting verb is rarely stressed in speech. The projected segment is represented as a report with a limited length in structure. In addition, there is not any conjunction word joining the projecting part and projected part explicitly. When projection is a proposition type, the projected segment usually has both the Subject and the Predicate; while when projection is a proposal type, the Subject of the projected part is either included in the projecting part or left out, making the two parts more structurally related to each other. Similar to English, ideas projected by mental processes are more likely to be represented as reports. Characteristically, the substitute ~_h^l~ zh^y~mg ! ~_~ zh^me （so） that is put in front of the projecting verb can often be used for the projected part of a hypotactic nexus. Unlike hypotactic projection which exists between processes, embedded projection exists inside individual processes and its projected part functions as either the participant of the process or the modifier of noun, showing properties of grammatical metaphor. As a process participant, the projected element is termed ＂fact＂ which comes from the nominalization expression ＂the fact that ...＂ in English. Although Chinese does not have the same kind of expression, the principle of rank shifting in the grammar can also be well applied. Generally speaking, the projected fact represents some kind of existing statement, idea or phenomenon. Fact projections are often found in relational processes of intensive type, occasionally in verbal and mental processes as well. In intensive relational processes, the Attribute and the Value function to assess or identify the properties and features shown by the projected fact segment which serves as the Carrier or the Token. The projected fact segments are easily replaced by nominal groups. In addition to relational, verbal and mental processes, some modality elements and habitually used verbal groups may also require a projected fact from the viewpoint of interpersonal metaphor. Embedded projections also exist between modifiers and the nouns which either have corresponding projection verbs or connect with some kinds of assessable facts. Not only can the projected modifier precede the noun, it can follow the noun directly as well. Some differences between Chinese and English in the grammatical realization of projections are also indicated concretely in the paper.