歼灭战、革命暴力与纳萨尔运动

Khatam,Revolutionary Violence and the Naxalite Movement

20世纪60、70年代之交,纳萨尔派先后在西孟加拉邦的农村与城市地区实施歼灭战和"红色恐怖",号召革命者武装消灭地主、富农和其他统治阶级。歼灭战以小分队的形式开展暗杀行动,试图以此唤醒民众,引导革命走向全面武装斗争。但歼灭战不仅未能充分动员群众,而且将公开的大众组织及其运动视为修正主义而加以排斥。歼灭战在短期内取得了一定成效,纳萨尔派在部分地区建立起红色基层政权,但很快在意识形态、战略和组织等方面产生严重后果,并直接招致政府的严厉镇压,这也是导致纳萨尔派内部分裂的重要原因。从总体上而言,作为革命策略的纳萨尔暴力是对国家暴力做出的回应。

Between the 1960s and 1970s,the Naxalites advanced Khatam,or the'battle of annihilation'strategy and a'red terror'in both rural and urban parts of India-West Bengal.These movements called upon revolutionary militias to eliminate landlords,wealthy farmers and other members of the ruling class.Khatam involved small teams which undertook assassination efforts with the broader objective of arousing mass opposition towards full scale armed revolution.However,Khatam failed to achieve full scale mobilization,and instead caused mass organizations and their related movements to reject the effort as revisionism.While the Khatam strategy did see limited success in establishing Naxalite-controlled grassroots organizations in a number of localities,it quickly ran into serious ideological,strategic and organizational difficulties,causing a forceful government crackdown against the movement.This is a key reason for the internal divisionsthat emerged within the Naxalite Party.On the whole,the violent Naxal movement was a revolutionary strategy which attempted to respond to state violence.