美国科技评估的国家决策及实践研究

Studies on American National Decision-makings and Practices of Science and Technology Evaluation

科技评估工作是科技活动的一项重要内容,从国家角度衡量科研部门的整体能力和科技计划的实施效果是科技评估的重要方面。美国是科技评估较为规范和制度较为完善的国家,经过多年发展,科技评估工作在美国已成为制度化、经常性的工作,其涵盖的范围较广,注重法规制度建设,是一种以政府的绩效考核为基础的评估体系。本文试图从美国科技评估的多元化、多层次的组织结构,从以制度化和规范化为特点的法律体系,从注重务实、可操作和结果的评估方法,注重评估专家的外部化等几个角度探讨美国科技评估的国家决策及实践,通过总结经验,对完善我国科技评估提出了建议。

Science and technology evaluation is an important part of science and technology innovations. The national evaluation of both the overall capa- bilities of scientific research departments and the implementation results of scientific plans plays a significant role in science and technology evaluation. Af- ter many years of developments, science and technology evaluation has become a standardized and regular job in America and this system is based on eval- uation of governmental achievements, with wide coverage and emphasis on legal system setup. This thesis demonstrates American national decision - mak- ings and practices from several major perspectives, including diversified and multi - level evaluation agencies, institutionalized and standardized law systems, and also pragmatic and workable evaluation methods. In summing up these experiences and lessons, some proposals are presented to enhance our own national science and technology evaluation.