论国际条约退出的正当性

On the Legitimacy of Treaty Withdrawal

国际法体系建立在条约必须信守原则基础之上,国家,或者更准确的说在外交谈判会议上代表各自利益的政府官员们都应当为自己的条约承诺负责。没有国家会被迫接受条约承诺,也没有国家会加入一个违背自己意愿的国际组织。如果一个国家通过国内法所规定的审批程序成为一个条约的缔约方,那么它必须善意履行条约义务。然而,国际条约关系的根本属性是国际政治关系,没有哪个条约所签订时的地缘政治环境会亘古不变,当时代变迁、国际环境改变,旧的条约体系没有随之更迭和修订以致对缔约国产生过分的负累时,国际法将引导条约缔约方进行重新谈判甚至在没有必要继续停留在条约内时合法、优雅地退出条约。当《维也纳条约法公约》极具创新性的规定了条约退出问题之后,过去学者们脑海中要么遵守要么破坏条约的二元思维模式被打破。本文拟从国际实践和国内法律规定两个维度来观察条约退出这一国际法实践中比较特殊的法律现象,并以此论证国际条约退出的正当性。

The international legal system is established on the famous fundamental principle-pacta- sunt servanda. States,or more precisely the government officials who represent their interests at diplomatic negotiating conferences, are masters of their treaty commitments. No state can be forced to accept a treaty without its consent,not can it be compelled to join an intergovernmental organization against its will. Once a state has assented to a treaty and has successfully shepherded it through its national approval process. However, it must observe its treaty commitments in good faith. Nevertheless, neither treaties nor the domestic preferences are static. When shifts in the po- litical circumstances or geostrategic context undermine a treaty＇s original objectives or render its terms particularly burdensome or obsolete, international law may direct states to eschew unilateral action for the sake of negotiating with their treaty partners. When Vienna Convention on The Law of Treaties creates a lawful, public mechanism for a state to terminate its treaty obligations or withdraw from membership in an intergovernmental organization, the Formation of the Dualistic Thinking of obeying treaties or abrogating them has been broken. The special legal phenomenon of exiting treaties in two perspectives is analyzed in the present article legal practice and legal merit to demonstrate the legitimacy of the right to withdraw from the treaties.