海上运输货物收货人的权利与义务论析——以交付的“可能”与“现实”为切入

Analysis on the rights and obligations of the consignee under the carriage of goods by sea contract—from the perspective of“possibility”and“reality”of the delivery

《中华人民共和国海商法》第四章对海上货物运输合同的收货人权利义务作出了相应的规定,但并未准确涵摄收货人的主体范围以及在不同交付模式、不同运输阶段下收货人的权利义务。从海运货物的交付来看,存在"可能"与"现实"两大类型的收货人,而"现实收货人"又可分为"消极收货人"与"积极收货人"。根据海上货物运输合同履行的不同阶段以及不同的法律行为或法律事实,"收货人"既有可能是海上运输合同的利害关系人,也有可能是海上货物运输合同的当事人,还有可能是与海上货物运输合同无涉的第三人。不同的法律地位决定了收货人在不同情境下的权利义务。

Chapter IV of the Maritime Code of the People＇s Republic of China has made corresponding provisions on the rights and obligations of the consignee of the contract of carriage of goods by sea. However,it does not accurately cover the main body scope of the consignee and the rights and obligations of the consignee at different delivery modes and different stages of transport. There are two types of consignees which are in the case of＂possibility＂and＂reality＂respectively,and the＂real consignee＂can be further divided into ＂negative consignee＂and ＂positive consignee＂. Based on the different stages of the carriage of goods by sea and the different legal acts or legal facts,the consignee may be the interested person or the party of the contract,or the third party. Different legal status determines the rights and obligations of the consignee in different situations.