极端主义组织与认同政治的建构

Extremism Organization and the Construction of Identity Politics

暴力极端主义意识形态的宣传和叙事是以认同政治为目标的。西方学术界传统上"自下而上"、以个体激进化为视角的极端化研究模型,忽视了极端主义意识形态的巨大影响和极端组织的能动性,更未能透视极端化对群体关系和国际安全造成的重大威胁。因此,需要建构一种"自上而下"的极端化研究模型,梳理极端主义组织以意识形态的宣传和叙事为手段,进行认同建构和实施认同政治的脉络和机理。它包括三个紧密联系同时又闭合循环的过程:一是群体认同边界的明晰和强化。这种自我认同是单一和封闭的,同时,内群体偏好的极端导向,从认同上塑造了自我与他者的敌对关系。二是以创伤和危机增强内群体认同及对外群体的仇视。通过对历史创伤和现实危机的建构,这种认同政治强化了他者的威胁、群体命运的不确定性和传统崩塌的焦虑。三是以暴力为报复手段的解决方案建构。极端主义组织的认同政治通过对创伤、威胁和传统崩塌等塑造的仇恨、焦虑和恐慌,最终引向对外群体的暴力。这也完成了认同政治的首次循环。在当前打击暴力极端主义的斗争中,应警惕其认同政治的巨大威胁和现实挑战,探索有针对性的政策和行动。

The propaganda and narration of violent extremism are oriented towards identity politics.Traditional extremism research model of the western academic circle uses'bottom-up'approach and is from the perspective of individual radicalization,which neglects the enormous impact of extremism ideology and the dynamic role of extremism organization;and what’s more,it fails to see the great threats of the extremism towards group relations and the international security.Therefore,it is necessary to establish a'top-down'extremism research model to analyze the propaganda and narration of extremism organization,and to construct the path and mechanism of identity politics.It consisted of three closely linked steps:first,clarify and reinforce the boundary of group identity.This kind of self-identity is sole and closed,and at the same time,the preferences within the group shape the hostile relations between selves and the others based on identity.Second,enhance the group identity and deepen the animus towards foreign groups by trauma and crisis.Through historical trauma and real crisis,this kind of identity politics reinforces the threats of the others,the uncertainty of the group fate and the anxiety of the collapse of tradition.Third,use violent as a revenge.Through hatred,anxiety and panic caused by trauma,threats and collapse of tradition,the identity politics of the extremism organization was led to use violence towards the foreign groups eventually.The above steps complete the first cycle of identity politics.We should be wary of the threats and challenges of identity politics during the current fight against violent extremism,and seek solutions and take actions that applied.