小胶质细胞极化在中枢神经系统损伤中的作用及机制

The role and mechanisms of microglia polarization in central nervous system injury

小胶质细胞(microglia,MG)是中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)中常见的免疫细胞。CNS一旦受到内源性或外源性因素侵袭,MG便迅速激活并集聚到病灶及其周围,同时分泌和(或)释放各种因子。MG在应激后的极化分型对减轻CNS疾病的炎症反应及促进神经细胞的修复起关键作用,不同亚型的MG(M1型和M2型)在CNS损伤后充当既对立又统一的角色。因此,适当地调控MG的极化分型对脑损伤的预后具有靶向性和精确性。本文主要阐述MG在CNS疾病进展中极化机制和表型作用。利用MG有益一面的特性,通过调节MG的极化,为CNS损伤后提供潜在的神经保护作用。

Microglia（MG） are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system（CNS）. Once the endogenous or exogenous factors make inroads on CNS, the activated MG gather around the lesion, meanwhile secreting and（or） releasing of a variety of cytokines. MG polarization and phenotype exert multiple modulating effects on inflammation and play a key role in the regulation of the renovation after tissue injury. M1 phenotype and M2 phenotype are the two polars of microglia activation states that can produce either detrimental or beneficial effects in the CNS. This review discussed the mechanisms of MG polarization and the modulation of MG phenotype in the role of symptoms and progression of diseases of the CNS. Harnessing the beneficial properties of MG cells by precisely modulating their polarization states provides potential for the neuroprotective effect aganist CNS injury.