1980—2010年松嫩平原湿地生态服务功能价值评估

Research on the evaluation of wetland ecosystem services of Songnen Plain during 1980—2010

以松嫩平原湿地为研究对象,基于多源遥感数据、地理辅助数据和社会统计数据,运用市场价值法、费用替代法、碳税和造林成本法等,对松嫩平原湿地生态系统的4个大类、10个子类的服务功能进行了价值评估。结果表明,1980年、1995年、2000年和2010年的生态服务价值分别为377.45,331.06,321.37和291.35亿元,呈明显下降趋势;4大类服务功能价值整体表现为调节功能>供给功能>文化功能>支持功能,其中调节功能、供给功能和支持功能呈逐年下降趋势,年均下降分别为1.69亿元、1.13亿元和0.45亿元,而文化功能波动较大,出现双峰现象。研究发现调节功能中蓄水调节、文化功能中科研文化及供给功能中生物栖息地3项服务功能价值相对较高,在松嫩平原湿地生态系统服务功能中占主导地位。从空间上看,松嫩平原湿地服务功能价值在松嫩平原的北部地区变化较大,价值下降幅度较高;松嫩平原西南部地区价值增加,但增加幅度相对较小。本研究对松嫩平原湿地服务功能价值进行了定量化评估,为湿地资源的有效保护与开发提供了科学依据和理论支持。

With the deepening of research on wetland ecosystems, researchers have paid more and more attention to wetland value of ecosystem service. The authors divided the wetland ecosystem services of the Songnen Plain into four categories, i.e., provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services, and their respective ecosystem characteristics, structures and processes were considered. The authors assessed and evaluated 10 ecosystem services from wetlands in the Songnen Plain during 1980—2010, namely material production, carbon sequestration, water retention ability, water quality purification, nutrient cycling, wild species habitat, recreation service, culture and scientific research, releasing oxygen and soil erosion control, based on Landsat MSS/TM, AVHRR and MODIS remote sensing image, and multi-source data such as basic geography, field survey and social statistics. The market value method, carbon tax and afforestation cost method, shadow engineering method, substitution expense, expert method and other methods were adopted. For the requirements of assessment operations, especially valuation of changes and spatial-temporal changes of wetland ecosystem services, the authors consider that the administrative districts and counties in Songnen could be taken as the assessing units. The results show that the total value of the ecosystem services for wetland of Songnen Plain in 1980, 1995, 2000 and 2010 were 377.45×108, 331.06×108, 321.37×108, 291.35×108 CNY, respectively. Among the four main categories, regulating service had the maximal value, followed by cultural service and supply service, and the support service had the lowest value. The regulating service and supply service declined year by year, with 1.69×108, 1.13×108 CNY per year. The cultural service was not stable and had twin peaks, one was 1980, and the other was 2010, with 0.45×108 CNY per year. Among ten subclasses, water quality purification and culture and scientific research services had higher value than others. Spatially, most of the wetland value decreased area was mainly embodied in the north, and most of the wetland value increased area was mainly located in central and southwest Songnen Plain. The results obtained by the authors provide decision makers’ theory support for the effective protection of the wetland resources and planning of development policy by means of quantitative evaluation of wetland ecosystem services.