广州市越秀区失独家庭养老需求分析与社区养老对策

Analysis on shidu families' pension needs and finding the solution to community service in Guangzhou

目的对广州市越秀区失独家庭的生活现状及其养老需求进行调查,为改进特殊人群社区养老模式提供理论依据和对策。方法对广州市越秀区4个街道中可接触的15户失独家庭,用自行设计的养老需求访谈提纲进行个案访谈,提纲内容:对象的基本需求、心理需求、社区服务需求、选择的养老方式以及接受社区服务意愿等;通过与失独家庭共同参与社区试点实施的"玫瑰家庭"项目,接触失独对象10人,观察其在活动中的表现,并评价该项目实施成效。结果受访对象年龄集中在53~66岁,失独时长从2~22年不等,大部分现已单身或丧偶;参与"玫瑰家庭"项目的失独对象目前大多数已退休,身体状况良好,失独时长多在3年以上。访谈结果显示,失独家庭养老需求呈现差异性,包括养老保障缺乏、社会支持不足、经济基础和社交网络均较好3种类型。结论失独家庭存在政策保障缺乏、社区帮扶立项缺乏和资金短缺等养老问题;失独家庭自身存在社交网络狭窄、精神支持缺乏等障碍,部分家庭面临老无所养的迫切困境。政府应加大政策补助力度,设立相关专项扶持项目;街道应根据社区人群特征和需求,与社区家庭综合服务中心(简称"家综")签订社区服务协议;家综应采取社区个性化服务方案,推广社区自助养老模式。

Objective To study the living situation of the shidu families, i. e. parents who lost their only child, as well as their pension needs in Yuexiu District, and based on this study result, the author will find out some enhancements to im- prove the special social support system and draft strategy for solving the pension problems. Methods Fifteen accessible cases of shidu families were chosen from four streets in YueXiu District, surveyed with a set of specially designed ques- tions via ease interview, hose questions include asking subjects＇ needs materiaUy,mentally and socially which also involve willingness of accepting the support from society. By observing ten subjects＇ behavior, the effect of Rose Families Project will be analyzed and evaluated. Results The subjects who had joined our interviews were mainly at the age of 53 to 66, durations of losing their only child were from 2 years to 22 years, and most of them were now single or widowed. Subjects who also had joined our Rose Families Project had retired and had good body situation, most of whom had lost their child for above 3 years. According to the results of the interviews, pension needs of each family are different, including three types ： the deficiency of retirement pension system, the lack of social support, sufficient income and social network. Con- clusion Shidu families are mainly suffering from the limitation of social communication and spiritual support, some of whom may even have nobody to rely on. Government should strengthen the pension insurance and launch some related sup- portive programs. Local official community should make an agreement on the community service with the social organiza- tion according to the special needs of the families, he organization should adopt individualized social approach to those types of object families, in company with the community self-service carried out, thus to promote community-based self- help retirement pension mode.