清代山西杂姓村宗族祠堂、祖茔及庙宇建设——以碑刻、族谱、村志和田野调查为中心

In the Qing Dynasty,the Ancestral Shrine,Grave and Establishment of Temple in Villages in Shanxi Province Where Residents Did Not Share Common Surname: A Research Based on Stelae Inscription,Family Tree,Gazetteer of Villages and Fieldwork

清代华北宗族式微似乎已是目前学界共识。从表象上看,这一时期华北很少出现华南地区大型单一宗族数村相连,祠堂势力几乎凌驾于地方政府权力之上的局面。然而,笔者在数年华北田野调查中,发现祠堂、宗族这些被学者忽略的字眼却屡屡出现在当地耆老的记忆中,在数以千记的村志中也是难以绕开的话题。清代山西的村落以杂姓村居多,村内较大宗族均有规模不一的祠堂,个别村落甚至有近十座之多,它们和村落庙宇相互叠加出现、彼此协调共生,同时也存在倾轧和争夺村落资源的情况。同村内,大姓宗族往往会在数百年中持续关注一些固定庙宇的修葺,后起强势家族也会以村庙为武器与其争夺村内话语权。在村落空间布局上,祠堂一般分布在本姓聚集区,小型庙宇散布全村,大庙则在村落高阜处,周围则是排布整齐的各族祖茔。

It is known to all that the power and influence of lineage has declined in northern China. In southern reigns,large number of local residents belonging to a same unilineal descent group live in villages very close to each other, and ancestral shrine is considered more powerful than local government. In contrast, it is not the case in the north. However, after having conducted fieldwork in rural areas for years, I found that the older generation in northern China has never forgotten their ancestral shrine and lineage. Relevant historical accounts can also be found in village gazetteers. In the Qing dynasty China, villagers in Shanxi province living in a village often had different surnames. Powerful lineage in a village usually established ancestral shrines of different sizes. Some villages even had approximately ten shrines of this kind. The function and power of these ancestral shrines were tied up with local temples, and it was difficult to equally allocate local resources to them. Influential families were responsible for maintai- ning particular temples in a village from generation to generation for hundreds of years. Rising families intended to show their power by competing against these families and trying to take over the task. Ances- tral shrine was often located at where surname lineages gather. The distribution of small temples was not fixed while big temples were usually built at the highest place in a village. Ancestral graves of different lineages were properly aligned around a village.