明清时期济宁地区水神信仰史考

Historical Investigation on Water God in Jining in Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期的济宁是典型的运河区域,也是水神信仰较为盛行的地区.从功能角度看,水神信仰包括两大系统,即与运河有关的官方河神系统和与祈雨有关的民间水神系统.治运、保漕的政治目标以及神道设教、崇德报功的文化控制手段是正祀河神大量存在的原因.由于济宁是明清河道总督驻地,故以祭祀治河有功之臣的治水人格神信仰极为盛行.频发的水旱灾害也导致了当地治水神和祈雨神的盛行,地方先贤和历史人物成为祈雨的主要对象.当地特殊的自然和社会环境造就了水神信仰的多样性和复杂性,这种差别和对立成为运河区域特有的社会现象.

Jining was a typical canal area and also a place where the worship of Water God was more prevalent in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.From the functional point of view,the worship for Water God includes two system,one is the official River God system related to the canal,and the other is the folk Water God system related to rain praying.The political object of canal controlling and water transport protection,and the cultural control means of moral integrity are the reasons for the existence of a large number of official river gods.Jining was the administrative station for the governors in charge of river management in the Ming and Qing Dynasty,so the personality worship of the meritorious persons responsible for river governance is very prevailing.Frequent floods and droughts have also led to the worship prevalence of the local water god and rain god,while the local sages and historical figures became the main worship objects of rain praying.Special natural and social environment created the diversity and complexity of the Water God worship,and the difference and confrontation became the unique social phenomena of canal regions.