《史记》写人问题纵横谈

Wonderingly Talking about the Characterization in Historical Records

《史记》创造了写人史上的破天荒,其历史背景和因缘主要有二:一是中国自古就有重人传统;二是人的自我意识的觉醒在司马迁的时代达到了高峰。特别是"传人"上的价值,使人走上历史舞台,占据了历史的中心,成为历史的主体,鲜明地体现出人是历史的主人,历史的创造者。《史记》在写人上有四大显著特点:一是既为全民立传塑像,又全面探究人情人性;二是既重"功业",又重"为人";《史记》写出的人,既是历史的人,又是人性的人;三是所采用的主要方法和手段是"选择",但有些人物有些地方使用了"虚构";四是不止刻画人物形象,而且对人物给予褒贬品评,处处指向怎样做人。《史记》为中华全民立传塑像,更为中华民族塑像铸魂。

Historical Records makes wonder characters characterization due to two factors in the historical background and prin-ciple causes： one is that there was a tradition with the human being at the core since ancient China; the other was the awakening of man’s self-consciousness at the peak during Sima Qian’ s period. Particularly,the biographical writing has man step into the history stage as the center and main body of the history,showing that man is the master and creator of the history. There are four striking at-tributes for characterization in Historical Records： characterization for the whole people in nation with comprehensive analysis of man’ s nature; characterization stressing not only on the achievement but also on the morals of the characters,in addition, charac-terization for characters both endowed with historical touching and human nature ; characterization in the book mainly through “ selec-tion” ,but somewhere by means of “fiction” ; characterization not only underlining the characters’ images but also instructing how to be a moral man with the praising and disparaging of the characters. All in all,Historical Records makes biographical writing for the whole Chinese people,and what ’ s more,it casts a statue for the whole nation.