社会诞生于人的制度性建构——论社会的起源与本质

Is Society Born with Human Simultaneously?——On the Origin and Essence of Society

在社会起源问题上,人类学有同程说和非同程说这两派的四种见解。前三种均难以成立,只有第四种即张岩的非同程说可以证成,但也存在诸多不足。要想真正说通,还得重新证明两个判断:一为氏族是人类社会而不是动物性群体;二为氏族之前的原始群中的个体已是真正的人而不是正在形成中的人。关于第一个判断,可以通过比较氏族和原始群的群体性状来证明;而第二个判断则可通过若干相关事实和合理推论得到确证。由此可以确定,最初的人类社会即氏族,并不是随着人的诞生而同时诞生的,而是被先于氏族而存在的人创造出来的。其动机是为了化解"原始僵局",而创构手段是一套制度安排。因此,社会乃是一定疆域内的所有个人的人为组合体。社会的出现是人类历史中的伟大事件,它不仅使人类在群体性状上从此脱离动物界,而且还改变了人类原有的演化图景。

On the question of the origin of society, there are four kinds of views in the two factions of anthropology, including the theory of synchronous emergence of society and human and the theory of non-synchronous emergence of society and human. The first three views are difficult to be set up, only the fourth one which is Zhang Yan＇s nonsynchronous theory can be proved, but there also exist many deficiencies. If it should be perfectly reasonable, two judgments must be proved： one is that the clan is human society rather than animal groups; the second is that individuals of primitive horde before the clan are real people instead of being formed people. We can prove the first judgment by comparing the population traits of clan and primitive horde; and the second judgment can be confirmed by several relevant facts. Therefore it can be determined that the original society of human is the clan which is not born with human simultaneously but created by people who had existed before the clan. The emergence of society is a great event in human history.