孙膑崇拜的正统化脉络与地方化过程——以山东潍北地区瓦城大庙为个案

The Orthodox Context and Process of Localization of Sun Bin Worship

战国时期著名军事家孙膑,经历了由历史人物进入神灵谱系的过程。明代以前在国家正祀中的边缘状态与进退的反复,以及明清以来沉降民间的地方化表达,反映了中国历代王朝的政治策略和地方社会发展之间的互动关系。正史中关于孙膑记载的简略,为后世留下了巨大想象空间。孙膑的神奇经历与非凡军事才华,是其得以神化的基础。在他身上体现出来的"良臣择主而事"的战国时期社会观念,与自身的残疾特征,以及难言善终的结局,是导致官方叙事对其多元评价的主要原因,并最终使其在国家正祀中撤废。在地方祠神信仰中,不仅体现出国家礼仪自上而下的渗透与推行,更是地方精英迎合国家大一统观念的主动援引并化为己用。山东潍北瓦城大庙的神主更替与"孙膑封地说"的在地化进程,有助于推进对国家正祀传统与地方化发展之间关系的深入理解。

The image of Sun Bin who is a famous militarist in the Warring States era, has experienced a transformation from the human to the god. He is worshiped by many people in China for his extraordinary military talents and legends. However, He was quite marginalized in the national sacrificial rites before the Ming Dynasty. The official record about Sun Bin is very brief. Because of this, there left great imagination space for people. Folk religion is not only the reflection of top-down penetration and implementation of national rites, but is the behavior that local elites actively make use of the concept of national unity. The god changing and process of localization about Sun Bin fiefdom＇s tale of Wacheng Temple in the northern area of Shandong can help us understand the national sacrificial rites tradition and localization.