旅游社区东道主家庭的社会变迁研究综述

A Review on the Social Change of Hosts' Families in Tourism Destination Communities

自20世纪70年代以来,作为旅游社会学和文化地理学的一个跨学科研究领域,旅游社区东道主家庭的社会变迁一直受到关注,并形成了包括结构-功能主义、马克思主义、女性主义和人文主义等不同思想流派。通过对中英文数据库文献的分析发现,相关研究集中在旅游社区家庭经济收入、性别地位、家庭结构、家屋格局和家庭认同等方面的变化上:旅游可以促进东道主家庭经济收入的提升,但也普遍存在着收益分配不公的问题;女性的旅游从业使其在家庭中的地位得到提升,但仍然受到父权制文化传统的限制;社区旅游使得东道主家庭结构逐渐从一元化向多元化方向发展;由于家庭客栈、开发性迁移和第二居所的出现,东道主的住房格局和生活空间受到严重影响;尽管旅游参与改变了扎根于传统地方的家庭认同感,但东道主也能对此进行主动调适。未来可以考虑新的拓展研究,包括构建旅游社区东道主家庭的社会变迁结构方程的模型、超越主客二分的对旅游城市东道主家庭的研究、对东道主家庭再社会化问题的研究等。

In contemporary society with rapid fluidity, tourism has become a kind of social representation of modernity. Family studies started with increasing attention to everyday life in 20th century social science. Social change of hosts＇ families represents the tourism impacts on destination communities. Structural-functionalists explore the structural changes of hosts＇ family in social networks under tourism impacts. Marxists analyze production and consumption functions of hosts＇ family from utilitarian perspective and regard home as a place with conflicts and contestations. Feminists emphasize relations and care ethics, recognizing equal rights that tourism brings to women at home. Using theories of place and identity, humanists study people＇ s emotional attachment to home in tourism and their identity issues. It has been more than 40 years since researchers firstly focused on social change of host families. By comparing Chinese and western literatures, it is found that western studies originated in 1970s, and recently there is an increasing focus on the second home, hosts＇ attitude, place, fluidity and so on. Chinese studies have realized rapid development since 2007, especially on gender, tourism benefits, locals＇ perspective etc. Chinese scholars generally focus on changes in family income, gender status, family structure, house structure and family identity. It has been found that： tourism has direct positive influence for the increase of hosts＇ family income, though with general unequal distribution of tourism benefit; women＇ s familial status has generally been improved, although some scholars point out patriarchal restrictions on women＇ s involvement in tourism; the previous homogenous family structure and relations have been more diverse; hosts＇ house structure and living space have also been greatly influenced with growing family inns, developmental migration and second homes; family identity and place attachment have been changed, with hosts＇ active adaptation to both modernity and tradition. However, more attention still needs to be paid to family, a micro socio-geographic unit, in tourism studies, especially in the following aspects. Firstly, most researchers assess tourism impacts on host families as a single exogenous variable. Other factors, such as family members＇ migrant working or intemet＇ s role in helping business, reform of local political and economic institutes, and cultural differences, are overlooked. In future a SEM assessing social change of host community could be designed. Secondly, those researchers who believe core-periphery theory, often choose minority or less- developed places as case study areas, and demarcate tourists and hosts into two social groups with different status. In future more case studies could be undertaken in urban tourist destinations, exploring local families＇ change within similar social groups. Lastly, the existing research mainly discusses tourism modernity from tourists＇ perspective, ignoring hosts＇ views. Studying resocialization of hosts＇ families could be an important complement to this. Therefore, this research strand has large potential to grow on many topics, such as, host family＇ s reconstruction under the tourism impact, connections between the external and internal power of tourism impacts, different perceptions of tourism impacts from women employed in tourism at home and those away from home.