汉语“时体”的再认识——以“了”为中心

The Chinese Tense and Aspect Revisited:An Approach with le as the Focus

时体研究可采用"剥离法"确定"时体"的本质功能,并可设置基础语境认识"时体"。对应不同的形式层次,有不同宽度的时体,不能以附着于动词或句子而简单决定"动相"与"事相"。"完句"等因素剥离后,显现"了"的本质功能:"了_1"应是动作的"完成",而非"实现";"了_2"是"说话时为止的新情况实现"。某些"体"中含有主体性关注,应可分离出"样貌"(Posture)因素。

In study of tense-aspect, the nature of tense and aspect may be determined by the ＂stripping method. ＂ Particularly, we may understand tense in depth by establishing the fundamental context. Tense-as- pect may have various degrees of compatibility, which correlate to different formal levels. Neither the temporal view of an event nor the temporal view of a state can be simply determined by something attaching to a verb or a sentence. The defining features of le appear only after factors such as ＂completing a sentence＂ are stripped off： leI signals the ＂completion＂ rather than the ＂accomplishment＂ of an action/event, whereas le2 signals the ＂emergence of new state of being prior to speech time. ＂ The posture factor may be stripped off from aspect because of the subjective perspective it has.