不同类型地膜覆盖的抑草与水热效应及其对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

Weed Infestation, Soil Moisture, and Temperature under Mulching Cultivation with Different Films and the Effects on Yield and Quality of Potato

地膜覆盖被广泛应用于马铃薯栽培中,随之而来的白色污染以及杂草问题十分严重。为筛选适宜黄淮海地区的马铃薯专用地膜,以马铃薯品种荷兰15为供试材料,在2013—2015年进行大田定位试验,设置黑白配色地膜(BW)、透明生物降解地膜(BI)和普通聚乙烯地膜(CK)覆盖3个处理,研究其抑草与水热效应及其对马铃薯产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,BW和BI分别减少杂草密度44.1%~58.5%和26.7%~38.3%。马铃薯生育前期,CK增温效果明显;在淀粉积累期,BW的温度日变化幅度较小,控温效果显著。干旱年份(2014)BW保墒效果显著优于BI和CK。与CK相比,降水正常(2013)和干旱年份BW分别增产6.2%和8.2%;干旱年份BI增产7.1%;而湿润年份(2015),不同地膜处理间马铃薯产量无显著差异。与CK相比,BW处理淀粉含量提高18.3%~37.6%,BI提高7.0%~28.9%;BW维生素C含量提高1.0%~4.3%;BW与BI均显著降低了马铃薯块茎中蛋白质含量。因此,用黑白配色地膜和生物降解地膜替代普通地膜,可降低膜下杂草密度,创造更适宜的土壤温度和水分条件,有利于马铃薯增产和改善品质。

Plastic film mulching is widely used on potato cultivation, however, leads to a serious ＂white pollution＂ and weed infestation. Three types of films including black-white match color film（BW）, biodegradable film（BI）, and common plastic film（CK）, were used on mulching potato variety Helan 15 from 2013 to 2015, to study their effects on weed infestation, soil moisture and temperature, and yield and quality of potato in North China. BW and BI significantly decreased weeds densities by 44.1% to 58.5% and 26.7% to 38.3% compared with CK, respectively. CK had a higher warming effect than BW and BI during the earlier stages of potato growth, while BW had relatively small variations in daily temperature at the starch accumulation stage. Compared with CK and BI, BW treatment stored more soil moisture in the dry year（2014）. Compared with CK, yields of BW in the normal（2013） and dry year（2014） increased by 6.2% and 8.2% respectively, and that of BI increased by 7.1% in dry year. However, there was no significant difference in yield between treatments in the wet year（2015）. Compared with CK, the starch content in tubers of BW and BI increased by 18.3% to 37.6% and 7.0% to 28.9%, respectively; the vitamin C content of BW increased by 1.0% to 4.3%; however, the protein contents of BW and BI were lower. Therefore, mulch farming with black-white match color film and biodegradable film instead of common plastic film can decrease weeds densities and create suitable soil temperature and moisture conditions for improving yield and quality of potato.