再论戊戌维新运动的力量配比

Further Discussion on the Ratio of Political Forces of the Reform in 1895-1898

戊戌变法由帝党与维新派合作发起,两派的联合,有中国内生性的变动因素,更重要的是来自甲午战败和瓜分危机等外力的激促。在政治权力结构中,维新派是极边缘,帝党是极核心,本是相隔遥远的两极因外力的作用骤然结合,有利于双方取长补短,使运动具有诸多趋新样态,进而凸显变法的"近代性";但也造成两个小圈子的器局狭隘,缺乏中间过渡的层级联系和各级衙门的配合,缺乏渐次递进的组织架构和上传下达的机构人员,也缺乏紧密有力的联系纽带和人们的心理渐进准备。这使得连接的两头趋新,中间地带仍为守旧,上下、君臣、朝野之间横亘难以逾越的阻隔。此乃维新运动的重要特征,很大程度上决定了运动的样态及走向。

The Reform in 1895-1898 was launched jointly by the emperor’s party and the reformers.Inthe ratio of political forces in officialdom,the reformers were extremely marginal,while the emperor’s party was extremely core.This cooperation is conducive to the two sides to learn from each other,so that the movement has a lot of new kind of state,and thus show the reform of the'modern'.For the lack of coordination of departments and personnel at all levels,lack of close ties and people’s psychological preparation,the two aspects of the union is a new style,but the entire middle faction is an old style.This is an important feature of the reform in 1895-1898,and also largely determines the mode and direction of the movement.