从“王霸之争”角度审视《三国演义》中的政治斗争

From the “Kingcraft and Hegemony's Dispute” Perspective Three Kingdoms in the Political Struggle

在儒家政治伦理中,王道与霸道的观点承载着完全不同的道德判断。王道作为带有明显理想主义特征的政治理论,一直为孟子、荀子等儒家学者奉为治世大道而倍加推崇,而霸道虽然始终未能在儒家学者所认可,但在春秋五霸、秦皇汉武等历史人物的实践中,却成为统一国家、结束乱世的有效方法。王道与霸道的争论在秦汉时代被消解,并成功地被集合于帝王之一身。《三国演义》展现出的错综复杂的政治斗争也蕴含着"王霸之争"的影子,其中被作者赋予理想君王色彩的刘备一生中遭遇到的政治挫折与胜利,正是王道与霸道在相互斗争中走向融合的鲜明写照。刘备前半生以仁义为理念却屡遭失败,后半生外行王道、内行霸道,"霸王道杂之",则大获成功,建立帝业。其中巨大反差所蕴含的道理是儒家"王霸之争"从理论到实践的巨大分歧,以及两者在融合之后对于封建王朝统治的巨大功用。

In the Confucian political ethics, benevolent and overbearing view carrying different moral judgment. The king as a political theory with obvious characteristic of idealism, has been Mencius, Xunzi and other Confucian scholars regarded as political Avenue while more respected and overbearing, although has not been able to recognized in Confucian scholars, but in practice the spring and Autumn Annals, The First Emperor of Qin and Martial Emperor historical figure, has become the effective method of chaos, the end of national unity. King and overbearing have been dissolved in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and was successfully set in one of the emperor. ＂Perplexing the political struggle of the Three Kingdoms＂ show also contains a ＂kingcraft and hegemony＇s dispute＂ of the shadow, which was a political victory to encounter setbacks and the author gives the ideal King color in the life of Liu Bei, is the king and overbearing in mutual struggle towards integration of the vivid portrayal. Liu Bei first half in righteousness concept in vain, life king, layman expert handed, ＂the combination of law and Confucianism＂, is a big success, the establishment of the empire. The huge contrast inherent truth is the Confucian ＂kingcraft and hegemony＇s dispute＂ from theory to practice the great differences, and great function both in the fusion for the imperial rule.