孔子“克己复礼为仁”说与东亚儒者的诠释

East Asian Cofucian Interpretation of Confucius' Discourse on Humanity and Propriety

儒家"仁"学,源远流长,波涛壮阔,蔚为东亚思潮的主流。自孔门以降,儒家"仁"学义蕴丰富,理路甚多,孔子所说"克己复礼为仁"这项命题,极具理论之意趣,亦深具思想史之涵义。历代东亚儒者对"克己复礼为仁"一语,提出深具时空特色之诸般解释,并开发潜藏于其中的哲学问题。本文旨在析论孔子"克己复礼为仁"之说,指示"仁"与"礼"之不可分割性与相互紧张性,以及此说在中、日、韩之发展。本文第1部分从历史视野回顾中国儒家"仁"学内涵之演进及其多歧之涵义;第2部分聚焦于"仁"与"礼"之关系,从理论内涵与实践过程两层次析论,批判清儒凌廷堪以及美国哲学家芬加瑞"以礼为首出"论述之内涵及其问题,并进一步提出新解释;第3部分分析17世纪以降的中、日、韩儒者,在东亚思想界的"实学"思想氛围之中,对孔子"克己复礼为仁"说所提出之新诠,涉及了"自我观"、"人与世界之关系",以及"主体自由"等解释进路与思想脉络等问题,但都无法跳过朱子的诠释典范;最后提出本文之结论。

This paper revisits Confucius' theory of humanity and propriety and analyzes the interpretations proposed by Chinese,Japanese and Korean Confucians.Section 1reviews the evolution of the connotation of the core value jen(仁,humanity)in the history of Chinese Confucianism.Section 2offers a new interpretation of the relationship between humanity and propriety in Confucius' world of thought.We also offer a rebuttal against the 18th-century Chinese scholar Ling Tingkan' s and contemporary American philosopher Herbert Fingarette' s interpretations of Confucius' concept of propriety.In section 3,we discuss the interpretations of Confucius' theory of humanity and propriety proposed by Chinese,Japanese and Korean Confucian scholars since 17th-century.This paper concludes by indicating that the interpretations on Confucius' thought proposed by East Asian Confucians touch upon three philosophical issues,viz.,(a)the view of the self,(b)the interaction between man and the world and(c)the problem of the freedom of the subjectivity.