古代希腊人族群认同的形成

The Formation of Greek Ethnic Identity in Antiquity

在古希腊,以安泰莱近邻同盟和奥林匹亚赛会这两种国际性的宗教体制为核心,原来各具其名但又彼此互动且不断发展其多重认同网络的、说希腊语的各个小族群,经过日益聚合和扩大,最终于公元前7世纪初形成古代以"希腊人"(Hellenes)为族称的族群。希腊人身份认同的另一面就是将非希腊人他者化为"蛮族人"(barbaroi)。荷马以及公元前6世纪中后期以来的古风时代相关文献表明,"蛮族人"概念产生于希腊世界的边缘,是处在与外族人相遇前哨的伊奥尼亚人的一项发明。之后古典时代作为与"希腊人"两极对立范畴的"蛮族人",又是大规模的"雅典制造"的产物。

In antiquity the ethnic group that designated itself 'Hellenes'took shape at the turn of the seventh century as a result of the aggregation of various smaller Greek-speaking ethnic groups,which originally had possessed no more than their respective ethnonyms but continuously interacted with each other and developed their networks of multiple identities.Centring on two interstate religious institutions,the Anthelan Amphictyony and the Olympic games,they increasingly clustered themselves into a new,larger ethnic group that,on choosing 'Hellenes'as its self-appellation,kept being expanded and came to attain a Panhellenic dimension.The other side of the coin of Greek identity was the Othering of the non-Greeks as'barbarians.'Homer and writers of the Archaic Age from the mid-to late sixth century onwards reveal that the concept'barbarian'emerged at the edge of the Greek world and that it was invented by the Ionians,who lived at the frontiers of encounters with foreigners.Afterwards in the Classical Age a mass of'barbarians'as a polar opposite of Greeks was'made in Athens.'