公共财政框架下的俄罗斯住房保障制度改革

Reform of Russian Housing Protection System under the Framework of Public Finance

俄罗斯住房制度改革始于20世纪80年代,当时公有化的住房保障模式已无法满足民众的基本住房需求,以市场化为方向的住房制度改革在苏联政府内部获得了普遍认同。苏联解体后,俄罗斯通过了《俄罗斯联邦住房私有化法》,以"自愿、无偿和一次性付款"为原则,逐步开始向市场化住房制度过渡。然而,由于住房私有化和市场化旨在摆脱政府的支出责任,因此改革成效并不显著,反而加重了住房配置的不公。随着居民住房问题的日益尖锐,俄罗斯住房政策的发展方向由最初的全面私有化和市场化,逐步转变为公共财政改革推动下的住房财政保障机制的构建。在此过程中,俄罗斯将政府的职能定位为:通过预算拨款、贷款和预算投资,履行财政对住房及公用事业的保障职能;通过住房配置、税收优惠和财政监督,实现其调节与管理职能。虽然西方制裁、油价下跌、卢布贬值等不利因素致使俄罗斯财政面临重重困难,但住房保障依然是国家预算支出的优先方向之一。

Russian housing system reform began in the 1980s, when the public housing protection model could not meet people＇s basic housing needs. Against this backdrop, the market-oriented reform of the housing system has been generally recognized within the Soviet government. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia has formulated the ＂Housing Privatization Law＂ with principles of ＂voluntary, free and one-time payment＂, and gradually begun its marker-oriented housing system transition. However, as the privatization and marketization of housing aims to get rid of the government＇s responsibility for expenditure, the effectiveness of reform is not significant, but instead increases the injustice of housing allocation. As the issue of residential housing is becoming more and more acute, the main directions of reform have gradually changed from initial round of privatization and marketization into the construction of financial housing protection, promoted by the reform of public finances. During this process, the Russian government＇s functions are positioned as： achieving its protection function of finance for housing and utilities through budgetary allocations, loans and investments; meeting its adjusting and management functions through housing allocations, tax incentives and financial regulations. Although facing various difficulties in finance caused by Western sanctions, falling oil prices, and the devaluation of Russian Rubles, housing protection remains one of the priorities of Russia＇s budget expenditures.